CSA Z662-15 Oil and gas pipeline systems

Published in June 2015 by CSA Group
A not-for-profit private sector organization
178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3Technical Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Pipeline Systems and Materials 19
Executive Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Pipeline Systems and Materials 25
Subcommittee on Aluminum Pipeline Systems 27
Subcommittee on Coatings 28
Subcommittee on Construction 30
Subcommittee on Design 32
Subcommittee on Distribution 34
Editorial Subcommittee 36
Subcommittee on Materials 37
Subcommittee on Operations and Systems Integrity 39
Subcommittee on Production 41
Subcommittee on Management Systems 43
1 Scope 47
2 Reference publications and definitions 51
2.1 Reference publications 51
2.2 Definitions 69
3 Safety and loss management systems 81
3.1 General 81
3.2 Pipeline system integrity management program 82
3.3 Engineering assessments 82
3.3.1 General 82
3.3.2 Engineering assessment process 83
3.3.3 Documentation 83
3.4 Risk management 83
4 Design 83
4.1 General 83
4.2 Design conditions 85
4.2.1 General 85
4.2.2 Temperature 85
4.2.3 Sustained force and wind loading 86
4.2.4 Other loading and dynamic effects 86
4.3 Design criteria 86
4.3.1 General 86
4.3.2 Class location assessment areas 87
4.3.3 Class location designations 88
4.3.4 Class location end boundaries 88
4.3.5 Pressure design for steel pipe — General 92
4.3.6 Pressure design for steel pipe — Design factor (F) 93
4.3.7 Pressure design for steel pipe — Location factor (L) 93
4.3.8 Pressure design for steel pipe — Joint factor (J) 94
4.3.9 Pressure design for steel pipe — Temperature factor (T) 95
4.3.10 Pressure design for steel pipe — Allowances 95
4.3.11 Pressure design for steel pipe — Wall thickness 95
4.3.12 Pressure design for components — General 97
4.3.13 Pressure design for components — Closures 98
4.3.14 Pressure design for components — Elbows 98
4.3.15 Pressure design for components — Tees and crosses 98
4.3.16 Pressure design for components — Branch connections 98
4.3.17 Pressure design for components — Integrally reinforced extruded outlet headers 99
4.3.18 Pressure design for components — Welded branch connections 100
4.3.19 Pressure design for components — Reinforcement of single openings 104
4.3.20 Pressure design for components — Reinforcement of multiple openings 106
4.4 Valve location and spacing 106
4.5 Selection and limitation of piping joints 108
4.5.1 Buttwelded joints 108
4.5.2 Threaded joints 108
4.5.3 Sleeve, coupled, mechanical interference fit, and other patented joints 108
4.5.4 Additional requirements for mechanical interference fit joints 109
4.6 Flexibility and stress analysis — General stress design 109
4.6.1 Applicability 109
4.6.2 Stress design of restrained and unrestrained portions of pipeline systems 110
4.6.3 Discontinuity stresses 110
4.6.4 Supplemental stress design 110
4.6.5 Hoop stress 110
4.6.6 Steel properties 110
4.7 Flexibility and stress analysis — Stress design for restrained portions of pipeline systems 110
4.7.1 Combined hoop and longitudinal stresses 111
4.7.2 Combined stresses for restrained spans 111
4.7.3 Anchors and restraints 111
4.8 Flexibility and stress analysis — Stress design for unrestrained portions of pipeline
systems 112
4.9 Flexibility and stress analysis — Loads on pipe-supporting elements 116
4.9.1 General 116
4.9.2 Supports and braces 116
4.10 Flexibility and stress analysis — Design of pipe-supporting elements 116
4.11 Cover and clearance 116
4.12 Crossings 119
4.12.1 General 119
4.12.2 Crossings of utilities 119
4.12.3 Crossings of roads and railways 119
4.12.4 Crossings of water 122
4.13 Requirements for pipelines in proximity to electrical transmission lines and associated
facilities 123
4.13.1 General 123
4.13.2 Effects on pipelines in proximity to high-voltage DC lines 123
4.13.3 Safety requirements 123
4.14 Design of compressor stations over 750 kW and pump stations over 375 kW 124
4.14.1 General 124
4.14.2 Design of compressor stations over 750 kW 125
4.14.3 Design of pump stations over 375 kW 128
4.15 Liquid storage in oil pipeline pump stations, tank farms, and terminals 131
4.15.1 Aboveground tanks over 4000 L 131
4.15.2 Aboveground tanks of 4000 L or less 132
4.15.3 Underground tanks 132
4.15.4 Pressure spheres, bullets, and ancillary vessels 132
4.15.5 Pipe-type storage vessels 132
4.16 Gas storage in pipe-type and bottle-type holders 132
4.16.1 General 132
4.16.2 Aboveground installations 132
4.16.3 Underground installations 133
4.17 Vaults 133
4.17.1 Structural design 133
4.17.2 Location 133
4.17.3 Vault ventilation 133
4.17.4 Drainage and waterproofing 134
4.18 Pressure control and overpressure protection of piping 134
4.18.1 General 134
4.18.2 General design requirements for systems for pressure control and overpressure
protection 135
4.18.3 Additional design requirements for pressure-relieving installations 135
4.18.4 Additional overpressure-protection requirements for compressor and pump stations 136
4.19 Instrument, control, and sampling piping 136
4.20 Leak detection capability 137
4.21 Odorization 138
4.22 Requirements for pipelines installed by horizontal directional drilling 138
5 Materials 138
5.1 Qualification of materials 138
5.2 Steel materials and gaskets 139
5.2.1 Design temperatures — Steel materials 139
5.2.2 Notch toughness requirements — Steel pipe 140
5.2.3 Notch toughness requirements — Steel components 144
5.2.4 Steel pipe 144
5.2.5 Steel components — General 149
5.2.6 Steel components — Flanges 149
5.2.7 Bolting 150
5.2.8 Gaskets 150
5.2.9 Steel components — Fittings 151
5.3 Other materials 152
5.3.1 Aluminum piping 152
5.3.2 Polyethylene pipe and fittings 152
5.3.3 Cast iron components 152
5.3.4 Copper and copper-based alloys 153
5.3.5 Stainless steels 153
5.3.6 Reinforced composite pipe and fittings 153
5.3.7 Nonferrous flanges 153
5.3.8 Other alloys and composites 153
5.3.9 External coatings for pipe and piping 153
5.4 Oilfield water service 154
5.5 Cement-mortar linings 154
5.6 Reuse of materials 154
5.7 Records of materials 155
5.8 Engineering assessments 155
6 Transportation, handling, and installation 156
6.1 General 156
6.2 Activities on pipeline rights-of-way 156
6.2.1 Clearing, grading, and ground disturbances 156
6.2.2 Pipe and components handling 157
6.2.3 Bends and elbows in steel piping 157
6.2.4 Alignment and welding 157
6.2.5 Protective coatings 158
6.2.6 Ditching and lowering-in 158
6.2.7 Backfilling 158
6.2.8 Internal cleaning 159
6.2.9 Clean-up and restoration 159
6.2.10 Installation of crossings 159
6.2.11 Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) 159
6.3 Pipe and component surface requirements applicable to steel piping 160
6.3.1 Pipe and component manufacturing defects detected during installation inspection 160
6.3.2 Field repair of gouges and grooves in pipe 160
6.3.3 Dents in pipe 161
6.3.4 Ripples, wrinkles, buckles, and out-of-roundness 161
6.3.5 Removal of cracks in circumferential butt welds and in fillet welds 161
6.3.6 Field repair of gouges, grooves, and dents in components 162
6.3.7 Material acceptability 162
6.4 Electrical test leads on pipeline systems 162
6.5 Inspection 162
6.6 Precautions to avoid uncontrolled fires 164
7 Joining 164
7.1 General 164
7.2 Arc and gas welding — General 165
7.3 Arc and gas welding — Joint configurations 167
7.3.1 Butt welds 167
7.3.2 Fillet welds 168
7.4 Arc and gas welding — Welding equipment 175
7.5 Arc and gas welding — Materials 176
7.5.1 Pipe and components 176
7.5.2 Filler metals and fluxes 176
7.5.3 Shielding gases 177
7.6 Arc and gas welding — Qualification of welding procedure specifications 177
7.6.1 General 177
7.6.2 Company approval 177
7.6.3 Records 177
7.6.4 Welding procedure specifications 177
7.6.5 Essential changes for qualification of welding procedure specifications 180
7.7 Arc and gas welding — Testing for qualification of welding procedure specifications and
qualification of welders 186
7.7.1 Welding of test joints 186
7.7.2 Testing of butt welds — General 186
7.7.3 Testing of butt welds — Tension test 192
7.7.4 Testing of butt welds — Nick-break test 193
7.7.5 Testing of butt welds — Root-bend and face-bend tests 194
7.7.6 Testing of butt welds — Side-bend test 194
7.7.7 Testing of fillet welds and branch connection welds — Root-break test 195
7.7.8 Testing of fillet welds and branch connection welds — Macrosection test 198
7.7.9 Additional testing of partial-penetration butt welds 198
7.8 Arc and gas welding — Qualification of welders 199
7.8.1 General 199
7.8.2 Qualification range 200
7.8.3 Special qualification — Butt welds 201
7.8.4 Visual inspection 201
7.8.5 Qualification of welders by visual and nondestructive inspection 202
7.8.6 Retests 202
7.8.7 Records of qualified welders 202
7.9 Arc and gas welding — Production welding 202
7.9.1 General 202
7.9.2 Alignment and root gap 203
7.9.3 Grounding 203
7.9.4 Use of line-up clamps — Butt welds 203
7.9.5 Relative movement 203
7.9.6 Bevelled ends 203
7.9.7 Weather conditions 204
7.9.8 Clearance 204
7.9.9 Cleaning between beads 204
7.9.10 Position welding 204
7.9.11 Roll welding 205
7.9.12 Identification of welds 205
7.9.13 Seal welding 205
7.9.14 Fillet welds 205
7.9.15 Preheating, interpass temperature control, controlled cooling, and stress relieving 205
7.9.16 Stress relieving 206
7.10 Arc and gas welding — Inspection and testing of production welds 207
7.10.1 General 207
7.10.2 Visual inspection 208
7.10.3 Mandatory nondestructive inspection 208
7.10.4 Nondestructive inspection 209
7.10.5 Destructive testing 210
7.10.6 Disposition of defective welds 210
7.11 Arc and gas welding — Standards of acceptability for nondestructive inspection 211
7.11.1 General 211
7.11.2 Weld crown 211
7.11.3 Incomplete penetration of the root bead 212
7.11.4 Incomplete fusion 213
7.11.5 Internal concavity 213
7.11.6 Undercut 214
7.11.7 Incomplete fusion due to cold lap 215
7.11.8 Lack of cross-penetration 216
7.11.9 Elongated slag inclusions 216
7.11.10 Hollow bead 217
7.11.11 Burn-through areas 217
7.11.12 Isolated slag inclusions 218
7.11.13 Spherical porosity 218
7.11.14 Wormhole porosity 220
7.11.15 Cracks and arc burns 220
7.11.16 Unequal leg length — Fillet welds 220
7.11.17 Accumulation of imperfections 220
7.11.18 Weld conditions limiting radiographic interpretation 220
7.12 Arc and gas welding — Repair of welds containing repairable defects 221
7.12.1 Partial-penetration butt welds 221
7.12.2 Authorization for repairs 221
7.12.3 Repair procedures 221
7.12.4 Removal of arc burns in weld areas 221
7.12.5 Removal of cracks in circumferential butt welds and in fillet welds 222
7.12.6 Inspection of repairs 222
7.13 Arc and gas welding — Materials and equipment for radiographic inspection 222
7.13.1 General 222
7.13.2 Radiographic procedure 223
7.13.3 Radiation sources 223
7.13.4 Imaging media 223
7.13.5 Screens 223
7.13.6 Image quality indicators 223
7.13.7 Comparator shims 224
7.14 Arc and gas welding — Production of radiographs 225
7.14.1 Radiation source location 225
7.14.2 Geometric relationship 225
7.14.3 Size of radiation field 226
7.14.4 Location of image quality indicators 226
7.14.5 Radiographic image identification markers 227
7.14.6 Processing of radiographic images 227
7.14.7 Radiation protection 228
7.14.8 Radiographers 228
7.14.9 Retention of radiographic records 228
7.15 Arc and gas welding — Ultrasonic inspection of circumferential butt welds in piping 228
7.15.1 Methods 228
7.15.2 Terminology 229
7.15.3 General 229
7.15.4 Equipment and supplies — General 229
7.15.5 Equipment and supplies — Additional requirements for mechanized inspection systems 229
7.15.6 Qualification of ultrasonic inspectors 230
7.15.7 Calibration 230
7.15.8 Inspection procedure for production welds 231
7.15.9 Inspection procedure for production welds — Additional requirements for mechanized
inspection 231
7.15.10 Standards of acceptability for ultrasonic inspection 232
7.15.11 Ultrasonic inspection reports and records 233
7.16 Mechanical interference fit joints 234
7.16.1 General 234
7.16.2 Qualification of joining procedure specifications 234
7.16.3 Qualification of operators 235
7.16.4 Inspection procedures 235
7.17 Welding on in-service piping 236
7.17.1 General 236
7.17.2 Fillet welds and branch connection welds on liquid-filled piping or flowing-gas piping and direct
deposition welds on flowing-gas piping 236
7.17.3 Essential changes for qualification of welding procedure specifications intended for welding on
in-service piping 237
7.17.4 Fillet welds and branch connection welds — Face bend test 241
7.17.5 Fillet welds and branch connection welds — Macroexamination and hardness tests 242
7.17.6 Qualification of welding procedure specifications and welders for direct deposition
welds 244
7.17.7 Nondestructive inspection of welds made on in-service piping 247
8 Pressure testing 248
8.1 General 248
8.2 Safety during pressure tests 250
8.3 Compressor and pump station piping 250
8.4 Instrument and control piping 251
8.5 Test-head assemblies 251
8.6 Testing procedures and techniques 252
8.7 Piping to be operated at pressure greater than 700 kPa 253
8.7.1 Strength and leak tests 253
8.7.2 Pressure-test mediums 254
8.7.3 Minimum strength and leak test pressures 255
8.7.4 Maximum strength and leak test pressures 255
8.7.5 Duration of tests 256
8.7.6 Maximum operating pressures 257
8.7.7 Pressure-test measurements and records 257
8.8 Piping intended to be operated at pressures of 700 kPa or less 259
8.8.1 Strength and leak tests 259
8.8.2 Pressure-test mediums 260
8.8.3 Minimum leak test pressures 260
8.8.4 Maximum leak test pressures 260
8.8.5 Duration of tests 260
8.8.6 Maximum operating pressures 261
8.8.7 Pressure-test measurements and records 261
8.9 Leaks and ruptures during pressure tests 261
8.10 Disposal of pressure-test mediums 262
8.11 Cleaning and drying 262
8.12 Tie-ins of tested sections 262
9 Corrosion control 263
9.1 General 263
9.2 Selection of external protective coatings for buried or submerged piping 264
9.3 Application and inspection of external protective coatings for buried or submerged
piping 269
9.4 Storage, handling, transportation, and installation of coated pipe and components 270
9.5 Cathodic protection — Design and installation 270
9.6 Electrical isolation 271
9.7 Electrical interference 271
9.7.1 Direct current 271
9.7.2 Alternating current and lightning 271
9.8 Corrosion control test stations 272
9.9 Operation and maintenance of impressed current and sacrificial cathodic protection
systems 273
9.10 Internal corrosion control 274
9.10.1 Susceptibility to internal corrosion 274
9.10.2 Mitigation 274
9.10.3 Monitoring 274
9.11 Corrosion control records 275
10 Operating, maintenance, and upgrading 275
10.1 Engineering assessments of existing pipelines 275
10.2 Safety 276
10.2.1 Training programs 276
10.2.2 Employee information 276
10.2.3 Supervisor responsibility 276
10.2.4 Hazards 276
10.2.5 Security 276
10.2.6 Work sites 276
10.2.7 Firefighting and special equipment 276
10.2.8 In-service pipelines 277
10.2.9 Additional precautions for pipeline systems transporting high-vapour-pressure
hydrocarbons 277
10.2.10 Fluids containing H2S 278
10.2.11 Carbon dioxide pipelines and gas pipelines containing predominantly CO2 278
10.2.12 Steam distribution pipelines 278
10.3 Integrity of pipeline systems 278
10.3.1 Pipeline system integrity management program 278
10.3.2 Integrity of existing pipeline systems 279
10.3.3 Leak detection for liquid hydrocarbon pipeline systems 280
10.3.4 Leak detection for gas pipeline systems and carbon dioxide pipeline systems 280
10.3.5 Leak detection for oilfield water and multiphase pipeline systems 281
10.3.6 Pipeline system incident investigations 281
10.3.7 Change in service fluid 281
10.3.8 Upgrading to a higher maximum operating pressure 281
10.3.9 Pressure testing existing piping 282
10.4 Records 283
10.4.1 General 283
10.4.2 Pipeline systems 283
10.4.3 Pipeline emergency records 284
10.4.4 Pipeline system incidents 284
10.4.5 Pressure-test records 285
10.5 Operating and maintenance procedures 285
10.5.1 General 285
10.5.2 Pipeline emergencies 286
10.5.3 Pipeline identification 286
10.5.4 Signs at stations and other facilities 288
10.5.5 Ground disturbance 288
10.5.6 Odorization 289
10.5.7 Precautions to avoid unintentional ignition of gas-air mixtures or hydrocarbon liquids 289
10.5.8 Environmental effects 289
10.6 Right-of-way inspection and maintenance 290
10.6.1 Pipeline patrolling 290
10.6.2 Vegetation control 290
10.6.3 Exposed facilities 291
10.6.4 Crossings 291
10.7 Change of class location 291
10.8 Crossings of existing pipelines 292
10.9 Operation and maintenance of facilities and equipment 293
10.9.1 Compressor and pump stations 293
10.9.2 Aboveground tanks and pressure vessels 293
10.9.3 Underground storage 295
10.9.4 Pipe-type and bottle-type gas holders and pipe-type storage vessels 295
10.9.5 Pressure-control, pressure-limiting, and pressure-relieving systems 296
10.9.6 Valves 297
10.9.7 Vaults 297
10.9.8 Quick opening closures 297
10.10 Evaluation of imperfections 297
10.10.1 General 297
10.10.2 Corrosion imperfections in pipe 298
10.10.3 Gouges, grooves, and arc burns in pipe 300
10.10.4 Dents in pipe 301
10.10.5 Pipe body surface cracks 304
10.10.6 Weld imperfections in field circumferential welds 304
10.10.7 Weld imperfections in mill seam welds and mill circumferential welds 304
10.10.8 Ripples, wrinkles, and buckles in steel pipe 305
10.11 Permanent repair methods 308
10.11.1 General 308
10.11.2 Grinding repairs 309
10.11.3 Piping replacements 311
10.11.4 Repair sleeves for pipe 311
10.11.5 Defect removal by hot tapping 314
10.11.6 Direct deposition welding 314
10.12 Temporary repair methods 315
10.12.1 General 315
10.12.2 Composite reinforcement repair sleeves 319
10.13 Maintenance welding 319
10.13.1 General 319
10.13.2 In-service piping 319
10.14 Pipeline hot taps 320
10.14.1 General 320
10.14.2 Pipe preparation 320
10.14.3 Parameters 320
10.15 Deactivation and reactivation of piping 321
10.15.1 Deactivation of piping 321
10.15.2 Reactivation of piping 321
10.16 Abandonment of pipelines and pipe-type storage vessels 321
10.16.1 General 321
10.16.2 Buried pipelines 322
10.16.3 Removal of related surface equipment 322
10.16.4 Aboveground pipelines 322
10.16.5 Records 322
10.17 Abandonment of pipeline related facilities 322
10.17.1 General 322
10.17.2 Underground vaults and closed top pits 323
10.17.3 Aboveground tanks and pressure vessels 323
10.17.4 Underground storage tanks 323
11 Offshore steel pipelines 323
11.1 Applicability 323
11.2 Design — General 324
11.3 Design information 324
11.3.1 Pipeline route 324
11.3.2 Route survey and data acquisition 327
11.3.3 Pipeline operating conditions 328
11.4 Design and load conditions 328
11.5 Functional loads 329
11.6 Environmental loads 330
11.6.1 General 330
11.6.2 Wind forces 330
11.6.3 Hydrodynamic loads — General 330
11.6.4 Wave-induced and current-induced hydrodynamic loads 331
11.6.5 Loads due to ice conditions and regional ice features 331
11.6.6 Seismic activity 332
11.6.7 Loads arising from marine growth 333
11.6.8 Indirect environmental loads 333
11.6.9 Accidental loads 333
11.7 Design analysis 333
11.8 Design for mechanical strength 334
11.8.1 Design criteria for installation 334
11.8.2 Design criteria for pressure testing 335
11.8.3 Design criteria for operation 335
11.8.4 Determination of stresses 336
11.8.5 Pipe wall thickness specification 337
11.8.6 Strain-based design 337
11.8.7 Strain-based design criteria 339
11.9 Design for thermal expansion 339
11.10 Design for on-bottom stability 339
11.11 Design for fatigue life 340
11.12 Design for free spans, anchoring, and supports 340
11.13 Design for shore approaches 340
11.14 Design for components 341
11.15 Design for crossings 341
11.16 Pipeline components and fabrication details 341
11.16.1 General 341
11.16.2 Supports, braces, anchors, and buckle arresters 342
11.16.3 Mechanical connectors 342
11.16.4 Welded branch connections and reinforcements 342
11.16.5 Reducers 342
11.16.6 Weight-coating 342
11.16.7 Thermal insulation 344
11.17 Pipeline pressure control 344
11.18 Leak detection 344
11.19 Emergency shutdown valve 344
11.20 Materials 344
11.20.1 General 344
11.20.2 Pipe 345
11.20.3 Fittings, flanges, and valves 345
11.21 Installation 346
11.21.1 General 346
11.21.2 Transportation, handling, and storage of materials 346
11.21.3 Ancillary equipment and specialty items 346
11.21.4 Installation procedures 346
11.21.5 Installation inspection 347
11.21.6 Repair of pipe and components prior to installation 348
11.21.7 Repair of pipelines after installation 348
11.21.8 As-built surveys 348
11.21.9 Commissioning 348
11.22 Welding 349
11.22.1 General 349
11.22.2 Qualification of welding procedures 349
11.22.3 Testing of welded joints — Pipe butt welds 349
11.22.4 Production welding 350
11.22.5 Underwater welding 350
11.23 Mechanical connectors 350
11.24 Pressure testing 351
11.24.1 General 351
11.24.2 Testing of mechanical connector assemblies 351
11.24.3 Test pressure 351
11.24.4 Pressure-test medium 352
11.24.5 Safety during pressure tests 352
11.24.6 Pressure-test records 352
11.25 Corrosion control 352
11.25.1 General 352
11.25.2 External corrosion control — Protective coatings 352
11.25.3 External corrosion control — Cathodic protection systems 353
11.25.4 Internal corrosion control 353
11.25.5 Maintenance of cathodic protection systems 354
11.25.6 Records 354
11.26 Operating and maintenance 354
11.26.1 General 354
11.26.2 Manual of operating procedures 354
11.26.3 Contingency manual 355
11.26.4 Communication systems 355
11.26.5 Inspection and patrolling of pipelines 355
11.26.6 Leak detection 356
11.26.7 Valves 356
11.26.8 Control and safety devices 356
11.26.9 Safety 357
11.26.10 Repair of pipelines 357
11.26.11 Records 357
11.26.12 Pipeline deactivation and reactivation 357
12 Gas distribution systems 358
12.1 General 358
12.2 Applicability 358
12.3 Gas containing hydrogen sulphide 358
12.4 Design 358
12.4.1 Steel piping 358
12.4.2 Polyethylene piping — Design pressure 361
12.4.3 Polyethylene piping — Design limitations 363
12.4.4 Polyethylene piping — Design pressure of components 364
12.4.5 Copper pipe and tubing 364
12.4.6 Plastic piping materials — Other than polyethylene 364
12.4.7 Cover 365
12.4.8 Pipelines within road and railway rights-of-way 365
12.4.9 Limitations on operating pressure — General 366
12.4.10 Limitations on operating pressure — Piping within customers’ buildings 367
12.4.11 Pressure control and overpressure protection 367
12.4.12 Distribution system valves — General 369
12.4.13 Distribution system valves — Valve location and spacing 369
12.4.14 Distribution system valves — Service shutoffs 370
12.4.15 Customers’ meters and service regulators 371
12.4.16 Distribution systems within buildings 372
12.4.17 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pipeline systems 373
12.5 Materials 373
12.5.1 General 373
12.5.2 Steel pipe, tubing, and components 373
12.5.3 Polyethylene pipe, tubing, and components 373
12.5.4 Cast iron valves 374
12.5.5 Polyamide (PA) piping systems 374
12.6 Installation 375
12.6.1 General 375
12.6.2 Steel piping 375
12.6.3 Ditch depth 375
12.6.4 Polyethylene piping — General 375
12.6.5 Polyethylene piping — Inspection and handling 376
12.6.6 Polyethylene piping — Direct burial 376
12.6.7 Polyethylene piping — Insertion in casing 377
12.6.8 Polyethylene piping — Bends and branches 377
12.6.9 Copper piping 378
12.6.10 Installation of service lines — Drainage 378
12.6.11 Installation of service lines into or under buildings 378
12.6.12 Installation of service lines — Additional installation requirements for polyethylene service
lines 378
12.6.13 Trenchless installations 379
12.7 Joining 380
12.7.1 General 380
12.7.2 Steel pipe joints and connections — Essential changes for qualification of welding procedure
specifications 380
12.7.3 Steel pipe joints and connections — Qualification of welders 380
12.7.4 Steel pipe joints and connections — Inspection of production welds 383
12.7.5 Steel pipe joints and connections — Inspection of tie-in welds 384
12.7.6 Steel pipe joints and connections — Steel pipe joints within buildings 384
12.7.7 Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — General 384
12.7.8 Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — Joining by heat fusion 384
12.7.9 Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — Joining by electrofusion 385
12.7.10 Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — Joining by mechanical methods 385
12.7.11 Joints in copper pipe and tubing 386
12.7.12 Service line connections 386
12.8 Pressure testing 387
12.8.1 Piping in distribution systems intended to be operated at pressures in excess of 700 kPa 387
12.8.2 Steel piping in distribution systems intended to be operated at pressures 700 kPa or less 388
12.8.3 Piping within customers’ buildings 388
12.8.4 Polyethylene piping 388
12.8.5 Test-head assemblies 389
12.9 Corrosion control 389
12.9.1 Steel piping 389
12.9.2 Copper piping 390
12.9.3 Corrosion inspection 390
12.10 Operating, maintenance, and upgrading 390
12.10.1 General 390
12.10.2 Marking of piping 390
12.10.3 Distribution system maintenance 390
12.10.4 Pressure recording for distribution systems 392
12.10.5 Valve maintenance 392
12.10.6 Pressure-control, pressure-limiting, and pressure-relieving devices 392
12.10.7 Repair procedures for steel distribution pipeline systems 392
12.10.8 Maintenance welding 393
12.10.9 Squeezing of polyethylene and polyamide pipe for pressure-control purposes 393
12.10.10 Maintenance and repair requirements for polyethylene, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride
pipe and tubing 394
12.10.11 Static electricity dissipation 395
12.10.12 Pressure upgrading of distribution piping 395
12.10.13 Pipeline emergencies 395
12.10.14 Ground disturbances 395
12.10.15 Class location 396
13 Reinforced composite, thermoplastic-lined, and polyethylene pipelines 396
13.1 Reinforced composite pipelines 396
13.1.1 General 396
13.1.2 Design 397
13.1.3 Materials 401
13.1.4 Installation 402
13.1.5 Joining 403
13.1.6 Joining personnel — training and qualification 404
13.1.7 Joining inspection 405
13.1.8 Pressure testing 406
13.1.9 Operation 406
13.1.10 Pipeline repairs 407
13.1.11 Deactivation or abandonment 407
13.2 Thermoplastic-lined pipelines 408
13.2.1 General 408
13.2.2 Design 408
13.2.3 Materials 410
13.2.4 Installation 411
13.2.5 Joining liners 411
13.2.6 Flange connections 412
13.2.7 Pressure testing 412
13.2.8 Operation and maintenance 413
13.3 Polyethylene pipelines 414
13.3.1 General 414
13.3.2 Design 414
13.3.3 Materials 418
13.3.4 Installation 420
13.3.5 Joining procedure and qualification 421
13.3.6 Joining personnel — Competency requirements 423
13.3.7 Joining inspection 424
13.3.8 Pressure testing 427
13.3.9 Operation and maintenance 429
14 Steam distribution pipelines and high temperature pipelines 430
14.1 General 430
14.1.1 Scope 430
14.1.2 Applicability 430
14.1.3 Multiple service pipelines 430
14.1.4 Alternate provisions 430
14.1.5 Definitions 430
14.2 Design 431
14.2.1 General 431
14.2.2 Straight pipe under internal pressure 431
14.2.3 Pipe bends 432
14.2.4 Limits of calculated stresses due to sustained loads and displacement strains 433
14.2.5 Expansion, flexibility, and support 433
14.2.6 Corrosion and erosion allowances 433
14.2.7 Wall thickness tolerance 433
14.3 Materials 434
14.3.1 General 434
14.3.2 Material testing 435
14.3.3 Fittings (excluding bends and transition pieces) 435
14.3.4 Flanges 437
14.3.5 Non-standard flanges and clamp connectors 437
14.3.6 Valves 438
14.3.7 Transition pieces 438
14.3.8 Pipe bends — General 439
14.3.9 Pipe bends — Qualification and production 439
14.3.10 Piping supports 440
14.4 Joining 440
14.5 Pressure testing 441
14.6 Corrosion control 442
14.7 Steam distribution pipelines — Commissioning and operating 442
15 Aluminum piping 443
15.1 General 443
15.2 Applicability 443
15.3 Design 444
15.3.1 Pressure design for aluminum pipe 444
15.3.2 Pressure design for components 446
15.3.3 Piping joints 446
15.3.4 Aluminum properties 446
15.3.5 Uncased railway crossings 447
15.3.6 Effects on pipelines in proximity to low-voltage alternating current lines and associated
facilities 448
15.4 Materials 448
15.4.1 Design temperatures 448
15.4.2 Notch toughness 448
15.4.3 Aluminum pipe and components 448
15.5 Installation of aluminum piping 449
15.5.1 Bends and elbows 449
15.5.2 Attachment of test leads 449
15.5.3 Storage and handling of aluminum pipe and fittings during installation 449
15.5.4 Ambient temperature 449
15.5.5 Burial of coiled aluminum pipe by ploughing 449
15.5.6 Plain dents 450
15.6 Joining 451
15.6.1 General 451
15.6.2 Arc welding 451
15.6.3 High energy joining — General 451
15.6.4 High energy joining — Qualification of joining procedure specifications 451
15.6.5 High energy joining — Qualification of personnel 451
15.6.6 High energy joining — Inspection and testing of high energy joints for qualification of joining
procedure specifications and personnel 452
15.6.7 High energy joining — Production welding 452
15.6.8 High energy joining — Inspection and testing of high energy joints 453
15.6.9 Mechanical interference fit joints 453
15.7 Pressure testing 453
15.8 Corrosion control 454
15.8.1 Test lead attachment 454
15.8.2 Installation of cathodic protection systems 454
15.8.3 Corrosive medium 454
15.9 Operating, maintenance, and upgrading 455
15.9.1 Evaluation of imperfections and repair of piping containing defects 455
15.9.2 Maintenance welding 456
15.9.3 Pipeline hot taps 456
15.10 Sour service 456
15.10.1 General 456
15.10.2 Material properties 456
15.10.3 Exposure to iron sulphides 457
15.10.4 Location factor 457
15.10.5 Sectionalizing valves 457
15.10.6 Nondestructive inspection 457
15.10.7 Integrity management program 457
15.10.8 Construction 457
15.10.9 Operating and maintenance 457
15.10.10 Records 457
16 Sour service pipelines 458
16.1 General 458
16.2 Sour service — Specific definition 458
16.3 Design 459
16.3.1 Design parameters 459
16.3.2 Design information 460
16.3.3 Stress design 460
16.3.4 Anchors and restraints 460
16.3.5 Threaded joints 460
16.3.6 Pipe-type and bottle-type holders and pipe-type storage vessels 460
16.4 Materials 460
16.4.1 Environmental cracking 460
16.4.2 Material provisions 460
16.4.3 Marking 461
16.4.4 Nonferrous materials 461
16.5 Construction 461
16.5.1 Deviations 461
16.5.2 Records 461
16.5.3 Inspection plan 462
16.6 Joining 462
16.6.1 Carbon equivalent 462
16.6.2 Change in carbon equivalent 462
16.6.3 Butt welds of unequal thickness 462
16.6.4 Weld hardness requirements 462
16.6.5 Deposited weld metal composition limitations 463
16.6.6 Alignment 463
16.6.7 Preheat 463
16.6.8 Backwelding 463
16.7 Corrosion and corrosion control 463
16.7.1 Supplemental mitigation requirements 463
16.7.2 Mitigation and monitoring program 464
16.7.3 Design and sizing of pigs 464
16.8 Operating and maintenance 464
16.8.1 Procedures 464
16.8.2 Records 464
16.8.3 Repair methods 464
16.8.4 Hydrogen charging 464
16.8.5 Direct deposition welding 464
16.8.6 Change management process 465
16.8.7 Changes in service conditions 465
16.8.8 Integrity management program 465
16.9 Gas and multiphase pipeline systems 465
16.9.1 Additional requirements 465
16.9.2 Design 465
16.9.3 Joining 466
16.9.4 Operating and maintenance 466
16.10 Additional requirements for gas pipeline systems only 466
16.10.1 General 466
16.10.2 Mechanical interference fit joints 467
16.10.3 Start-up corrosion mitigation 467
17 Composite-reinforced steel pipelines 467
17.1 General 467
17.2 Applicability 468
17.3 Specific definitions 468
17.4 Design 468
17.4.1 Stress distribution 468
17.4.2 Maximum operating pressure 468
17.4.3 Design pressure 469
17.4.4 External pressures and loadings 469
17.4.5 Stress limits 470
17.4.6 Design temperature 470
17.4.7 Engineering assessment 470
17.5 Materials and manufacture 470
17.5.1 Steel pipe 470
17.5.2 Fibre-reinforced composite 470
17.5.3 Composite-reinforced steel pipe manufacture 471
17.6 Installation 473
17.6.1 Field bending 473
17.6.2 Damage 473
17.6.3 Crossings 473
17.7 Joining 474
17.7.1 General 474
17.7.2 Joint reinforcement 474
17.7.3 Transitions to steel pipe 474
17.7.4 Qualification of joining procedure specifications 474
17.8 Pressure testing 474
17.9 Corrosion control 475
17.10 Operation and maintenance 475
Annex A (informative) — Safety and loss management system 478
Annex B (informative) — Guidelines for risk assessment of pipeline systems 488
Annex C (informative) — Limit states design 497
Annex D (informative) — Guidelines for in-line inspection of pipelines 523
Annex E (informative) — Recommended practice for liquid hydrocarbon pipeline leak detection 525
Annexes F and G have been deleted 539
Annex H (normative) — Pipeline failure records 540
Annex I (informative) — Oilfield steam distribution pipelines — Alternate provisions 560
Annex J (informative) — Recommended practice for determining the acceptability of imperfections in
fusion welds using engineering critical assessment 565
Annex K (informative) — Standards of acceptability for circumferential pipe butt welds based upon
fracture mechanics principles 567
Annex L (informative) — Alternative or supplementary test methods for coating property and
characteristics evaluation 585
Annex M (informative) — Guidance for system control, monitoring, and protection of hydrocarbon
pipeline systems 587
Annex N (informative) — Guidelines for pipeline system integrity management programs 593
Annex O (informative) — Reliability-based design and assessment (RBDA) of onshore non-sour service
natural gas transmission pipelines 605
Annex P (informative) — Development and qualification and welding procedure specifications 665
Commentary 670