CSA Z662-19 Oil and gas pipeline systems

CSA Group, 2019.Technical Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Pipeline Systems and Materials
Executive Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Pipeline Systems and Materials
Subcommittee on Aluminum Pipeline Systems
Subcommittee on Coatings
Subcommittee on Construction
Subcommittee on Design
Subcommittee on Distribution
Editorial Subcommittee
Subcommittee on Materials
Subcommittee on Operations and Systems Integrity
Subcommittee on Production
Subcommittee on Management Systems
Scope
Reference publications and definitions
Reference publications
Definitions
Safety and loss management systems
General
Pipeline system integrity management program
Engineering assessments
General
Engineering assessment process
Documentation
Risk management
Design
General
Design conditions
General
Temperature
Sustained force and wind loading
Other loading and dynamic effects
Design criteria
General
Class location assessment areas
Class location designations
Class location end boundaries
Pressure design for steel pipe — General
Pressure design for steel pipe — Design factor (F)
Pressure design for steel pipe — Location factor (L)
Pressure design for steel pipe — Joint factor (J)
Pressure design for steel pipe — Temperature factor (T)
Pressure design for steel pipe — Allowances
Pressure design for steel pipe — Wall thickness
Pressure design for components — General
Pressure design for components — Closures
Pressure design for components — Elbows
Pressure design for components — Tees and crosses
Pressure design for components — Branch connections
Pressure design for components — Integrally reinforced extruded outlet headers
Pressure design for components — Welded branch connections
Pressure design for components — Reinforcement of single openings
Pressure design for components — Reinforcement of multiple openings
Valve location and spacing
Selection and limitation of piping joints
Buttwelded joints
Threaded joints
Sleeve, coupled, mechanical interference fit, and other patented joints
Additional requirements for mechanical interference fit joints
Flexibility and stress analysis — General stress design
Applicability
Stress design of restrained and unrestrained portions of pipeline systems
Discontinuity stresses
Supplemental stress design
Hoop stress
Steel properties
Flexibility and stress analysis — Stress design for restrained portions of pipeline systems
Combined hoop and longitudinal stresses
Combined stresses for restrained spans
Anchors and restraints
Flexibility and stress analysis — Stress design for unrestrained portions of pipeline
systems
Flexibility and stress analysis — Loads on pipe-supporting elements
General
Supports and braces
Flexibility and stress analysis — Design of pipe-supporting elements
Cover and clearance
Crossings
General
Crossings of utilities
Crossings of roads and railways
Crossings of water
Requirements for pipelines in proximity to electrical transmission lines and associated
facilities
General
Effects on pipelines in proximity to high-voltage DC lines
Safety requirements
Design of compressor stations over kW and pump stations over kW
General
Design of compressor stations over kW
Design of pump stations over kW
Liquid storage in oil pipeline pump stations, tank farms, and terminals
Aboveground tanks over L
Aboveground tanks of L or less
Underground tanks
Pressure spheres, bullets, and ancillary vessels
Pipe-type storage vessels
Gas storage in pipe-type and bottle-type holders
General
Aboveground installations
Underground installations
Vaults
Structural design
Location
Vault ventilation
Drainage and waterproofing
Pressure control and overpressure protection of piping
General
General design requirements for systems for pressure control and overpressure
protection
Additional design requirements for pressure-relieving installations
Additional overpressure-protection requirements for compressor and pump stations
Instrument, control, and sampling piping
Leak detection capability
Odorization
Requirements for pipelines installed by horizontal directional drilling
Materials
Qualification of materials
Steel materials and gaskets
Design temperatures — Steel materials
Notch toughness requirements — Steel pipe
Notch toughness requirements — Steel components
Steel pipe
Steel components — General
Steel components — Flanges
Bolting
Gaskets
Steel components — Fittings
Other materials
Aluminum piping
Polyethylene pipe and fittings
Cast iron components
Copper and copper-based alloys
Stainless steels
Reinforced composite pipe and fittings
Nonferrous flanges
Other alloys and composites
External coatings for pipe and piping
Oilfield water service
Cement-mortar linings
Reuse of materials
Records of materials
Engineering assessments
Transportation, handling, and installation
General
Activities on pipeline rights-of-way
Clearing, grading, and ground disturbances
Pipe and components handling
Bends and elbows in steel piping
Alignment and welding
Protective coatings
Ditching and lowering-in
Backfilling
Internal cleaning
Clean-up and restoration
Installation of crossings
Horizontal directional drilling (HDD)
Pipe and component surface requirements applicable to steel piping
Pipe and component manufacturing defects detected during installation inspection
Field repair of gouges and grooves in pipe
Dents in pipe
Ripples, wrinkles, buckles, and out-of-roundness
Removal of cracks in circumferential butt welds and in fillet welds
Field repair of gouges, grooves, and dents in components
Material acceptability
Electrical test leads on pipeline systems
Inspection
Precautions to avoid uncontrolled fires
Joining
General
Arc and gas welding — General
Arc and gas welding — Joint configurations
Butt welds
Fillet welds
Arc and gas welding — Welding equipment
Arc and gas welding — Materials
Pipe and components
Filler metals and fluxes
Shielding gases
Arc and gas welding — Qualification of welding procedure specifications
General
Company approval
Records
Welding procedure specifications
Essential changes for qualification of welding procedure specifications
Arc and gas welding — Testing for qualification of welding procedure specifications and
qualification of welders
Welding of test joints
Testing of butt welds — General
Testing of butt welds — Tension test
Testing of butt welds — Nick-break test
Testing of butt welds — Root-bend and face-bend tests
Testing of butt welds — Side-bend test
Testing of fillet welds and branch connection welds — Root-break test
Testing of fillet welds and branch connection welds — Macrosection test
Additional testing of partial-penetration butt welds
Arc and gas welding — Qualification of welders
General
Qualification range
Special qualification — Butt welds
Visual inspection
Qualification of welders by visual and nondestructive inspection
Retests
Records of qualified welders
Arc and gas welding — Production welding
General
Alignment and root gap
Grounding
Use of line-up clamps — Butt welds
Relative movement
Bevelled ends
Weather conditions
Clearance
Cleaning between beads
Position welding
Roll welding
Identification of welds
Seal welding
Fillet welds
Preheating, interpass temperature control, controlled cooling, and stress relieving
Stress relieving
Arc and gas welding — Inspection and testing of production welds
General
Visual inspection
Mandatory nondestructive inspection
Nondestructive inspection
Destructive testing
Disposition of defective welds
Arc and gas welding — Standards of acceptability for nondestructive inspection
General
Weld crown
Incomplete penetration of the root bead
Incomplete fusion
Internal concavity
Undercut
Incomplete fusion due to cold lap
Lack of cross-penetration
Elongated slag inclusions
Hollow bead
Burn-through areas
Isolated slag inclusions
Spherical porosity
Wormhole porosity
Cracks and arc burns
Unequal leg length — Fillet welds
Accumulation of imperfections
Weld conditions limiting radiographic interpretation
Arc and gas welding — Repair of welds containing repairable defects
Partial-penetration butt welds
Authorization for repairs
Repair procedures
Removal of arc burns in weld areas
Removal of cracks in circumferential butt welds and in fillet welds
Inspection of repairs
Arc and gas welding — Materials and equipment for radiographic inspection
General
Radiographic procedure
Radiation sources
Imaging media
Screens
Image quality indicators
Comparator shims
Arc and gas welding — Production of radiographs
Radiation source location
Geometric relationship
Size of radiation field
Location of image quality indicators
Radiographic image identification markers
Processing of radiographic images
Radiation protection
Radiographers
Retention of radiographic records
Arc and gas welding — Ultrasonic inspection of circumferential butt welds in piping
Methods
Terminology
General
Equipment and supplies — General
Equipment and supplies — Additional requirements for mechanized inspection systems
Qualification of ultrasonic inspectors
Calibration
Inspection procedure for production welds
Inspection procedure for production welds — Additional requirements for mechanized
inspection
Standards of acceptability for ultrasonic inspection
Ultrasonic inspection reports and records
Mechanical interference fit joints
General
Qualification of joining procedure specifications
Qualification of operators
Inspection procedures
Welding on in-service piping
General
Fillet welds and branch connection welds on liquid-filled piping or flowing-gas piping and direct
deposition welds on flowing-gas piping
Essential changes for qualification of welding procedure specifications intended for welding on
in-service piping
Fillet welds and branch connection welds — Face bend test
Fillet welds and branch connection welds — Macroexamination and hardness tests
Qualification of welding procedure specifications and welders for direct deposition
welds
Nondestructive inspection of welds made on in-service piping
Pressure testing
General
Safety during pressure tests
Compressor and pump station piping
Instrument and control piping
Test-head assemblies
Testing procedures and techniques
Piping to be operated at pressure greater than kPa
Strength and leak tests
Pressure-test mediums
Minimum strength and leak test pressures
Maximum strength and leak test pressures
Duration of tests
Maximum operating pressures
Pressure-test measurements and records
Piping intended to be operated at pressures of kPa or less
Strength and leak tests
Pressure-test mediums
Minimum leak test pressures
Maximum leak test pressures
Duration of tests
Maximum operating pressures
Pressure-test measurements and records
Leaks and ruptures during pressure tests
Disposal of pressure-test mediums
Cleaning and drying
Tie-ins of tested sections
Corrosion control
General
Selection of external protective coatings for buried or submerged piping
Application and inspection of external protective coatings for buried or submerged
piping
Storage, handling, transportation, and installation of coated pipe and components
Cathodic protection — Design and installation
Electrical isolation
Electrical interference
Direct current
Alternating current and lightning
Corrosion control test stations
Operation and maintenance of impressed current and sacrificial cathodic protection
systems
Internal corrosion control
Susceptibility to internal corrosion
Mitigation
Monitoring
Corrosion control records
Operating, maintenance, and upgrading
Engineering assessments of existing pipelines
Safety
Training programs
Employee information
Supervisor responsibility
Hazards
Security
Work sites
Firefighting and special equipment
In-service pipelines
Additional precautions for pipeline systems transporting high-vapour-pressure
hydrocarbons
Fluids containing HS
Carbon dioxide pipelines and gas pipelines containing predominantly CO
Steam distribution pipelines
Integrity of pipeline systems
Pipeline system integrity management program
Integrity of existing pipeline systems
Leak detection for liquid hydrocarbon pipeline systems
Leak detection for gas pipeline systems and carbon dioxide pipeline systems
Leak detection for oilfield water and multiphase pipeline systems
Pipeline system incident investigations
Change in service fluid
Upgrading to a higher maximum operating pressure
Pressure testing existing piping
Records
General
Pipeline systems
Pipeline emergency records
Pipeline system incidents
Pressure-test records
Operating and maintenance procedures
General
Pipeline emergencies
Pipeline identification
Signs at stations and other facilities
Ground disturbance
Odorization
Precautions to avoid unintentional ignition of gas-air mixtures or hydrocarbon liquids
Environmental effects
Right-of-way inspection and maintenance
Pipeline patrolling
Vegetation control
Exposed facilities
Crossings
Change of class location
Crossings of existing pipelines
Operation and maintenance of facilities and equipment
Compressor and pump stations
Aboveground tanks and pressure vessels
Underground storage
Pipe-type and bottle-type gas holders and pipe-type storage vessels
Pressure-control, pressure-limiting, and pressure-relieving systems
Valves
Vaults
Quick opening closures
Evaluation of imperfections
General
Corrosion imperfections in pipe
Gouges, grooves, and arc burns in pipe
Dents in pipe
Pipe body surface cracks
Weld imperfections in field circumferential welds
Weld imperfections in mill seam welds and mill circumferential welds
Ripples, wrinkles, and buckles in steel pipe
Permanent repair methods
General
Grinding repairs
Piping replacements
Repair sleeves for pipe
Defect removal by hot tapping
Direct deposition welding
Temporary repair methods
General
Composite reinforcement repair sleeves
Maintenance welding
General
In-service piping
Pipeline hot taps
General
Pipe preparation
Parameters
Deactivation and reactivation of piping
Deactivation of piping
Reactivation of piping
Abandonment of pipelines and pipe-type storage vessels
General
Buried pipelines
Removal of related surface equipment
Aboveground pipelines
Records
Abandonment of pipeline related facilities
General
Underground vaults and closed top pits
Aboveground tanks and pressure vessels
Underground storage tanks
Offshore steel pipelines
Applicability
Design — General
Design information
Pipeline route
Route survey and data acquisition
Pipeline operating conditions
Design and load conditions
Functional loads
Environmental loads
General
Wind forces
Hydrodynamic loads — General
Wave-induced and current-induced hydrodynamic loads
Loads due to ice conditions and regional ice features
Seismic activity
Loads arising from marine growth
Indirect environmental loads
Accidental loads
Design analysis
Design for mechanical strength
Design criteria for installation
Design criteria for pressure testing
Design criteria for operation
Determination of stresses
Pipe wall thickness specification
Strain-based design
Strain-based design criteria
Design for thermal expansion
Design for on-bottom stability
Design for fatigue life
Design for free spans, anchoring, and supports
Design for shore approaches
Design for components
Design for crossings
Pipeline components and fabrication details
General
Supports, braces, anchors, and buckle arresters
Mechanical connectors
Welded branch connections and reinforcements
Reducers
Weight-coating
Thermal insulation
Pipeline pressure control
Leak detection
Emergency shutdown valve
Materials
General
Pipe
Fittings, flanges, and valves
Installation
General
Transportation, handling, and storage of materials
Ancillary equipment and specialty items
Installation procedures
Installation inspection
Repair of pipe and components prior to installation
Repair of pipelines after installation
As-built surveys
Commissioning
Welding
General
Qualification of welding procedures
Testing of welded joints — Pipe butt welds
Production welding
Underwater welding
Mechanical connectors
Pressure testing
General
Testing of mechanical connector assemblies
Test pressure
Pressure-test medium
Safety during pressure tests
Pressure-test records
Corrosion control
General
External corrosion control — Protective coatings
External corrosion control — Cathodic protection systems
Internal corrosion control
Maintenance of cathodic protection systems
Records
Operating and maintenance
General
Manual of operating procedures
Contingency manual
Communication systems
Inspection and patrolling of pipelines
Leak detection
Valves
Control and safety devices
Safety
Repair of pipelines
Records
Pipeline deactivation and reactivation
Gas distribution systems
General
Applicability
Gas containing hydrogen sulphide
Design
Steel piping
Polyethylene piping — Design pressure
Polyethylene piping — Design limitations
Polyethylene piping — Design pressure of components
Copper pipe and tubing
Plastic piping materials — Other than polyethylenePipelines within road and railway rights-of-way
Limitations on operating pressure — General
Limitations on operating pressure — Piping within customers’ buildings
Pressure control and overpressure protection
Distribution system valves — General
Distribution system valves — Valve location and spacing
Distribution system valves — Service shutoffs
Customers’ meters and service regulators
Distribution systems within buildings
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pipeline systems
Materials
General
Steel pipe, tubing, and components
Polyethylene pipe, tubing, and components
Cast iron valves
Polyamide (PA) piping systems
Installation
General
Steel piping
Ditch depth
Polyethylene piping — General
Polyethylene piping — Inspection and handling
Polyethylene piping — Direct burial
Polyethylene piping — Insertion in casing
Polyethylene piping — Bends and branches
Copper piping
Installation of service lines — Drainage
Installation of service lines into or under buildings
Installation of service lines — Additional installation requirements for polyethylene service
lines
Trenchless installations
Joining
General
Steel pipe joints and connections — Essential changes for qualification of welding procedure
specifications
Steel pipe joints and connections — Qualification of welders
Steel pipe joints and connections — Inspection of production welds
Steel pipe joints and connections — Inspection of tie-in welds
Steel pipe joints and connections — Steel pipe joints within buildings
Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — General
Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — Joining by heat fusion
Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — Joining by electrofusion
Polyethylene pipe joints and connections — Joining by mechanical methods
Joints in copper pipe and tubing
Service line connections
Pressure testing
Piping in distribution systems intended to be operated at pressures in excess of kPa
Steel piping in distribution systems intended to be operated at pressures kPa or less
Piping within customers’ buildings
Polyethylene piping
Test-head assemblies
Corrosion control
Steel piping
Copper piping
Corrosion inspection
Operating, maintenance, and upgrading
General
Marking of piping
Distribution system maintenance
Pressure recording for distribution systems
Valve maintenance
Pressure-control, pressure-limiting, and pressure-relieving devices
Repair procedures for steel distribution pipeline systems
Maintenance welding
Squeezing of polyethylene and polyamide pipe for pressure-control purposes
Maintenance and repair requirements for polyethylene, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride
pipe and tubing
Static electricity dissipation
Pressure upgrading of distribution piping
Pipeline emergencies
Ground disturbances
Class location
Reinforced composite, thermoplastic-lined, and polyethylene pipelines
Reinforced composite pipelines
General
Design
Materials
Installation
Joining
Joining personnel — training and qualification
Joining inspection
Pressure testing
Operation
Pipeline repairs
Deactivation or abandonment
Thermoplastic-lined pipelines
General
Design
Materials
Installation
Joining liners
Flange connections
Pressure testing
Operation and maintenance
Polyethylene pipelines
General
Design
Materials
Installation
Joining procedure and qualification
Joining personnel — Competency requirements
Joining inspection
Pressure testing
Operation and maintenance
Steam distribution pipelines and high temperature pipelines
General
Scope
Applicability
Multiple service pipelines
Alternate provisions
Definitions
Design
General
Straight pipe under internal pressure
Pipe bends
Limits of calculated stresses due to sustained loads and displacement strains
Expansion, flexibility, and support
Corrosion and erosion allowances
Wall thickness tolerance
Materials
General
Material testing
Fittings (excluding bends and transition pieces)
Flanges
Non-standard flanges and clamp connectors
Valves
Transition pieces
Pipe bends — General
Pipe bends — Qualification and production
Piping supports
Joining
Pressure testing
Corrosion control
Steam distribution pipelines — Commissioning and operating
Aluminum piping
General
Applicability
Design
Pressure design for aluminum pipe
Pressure design for components
Piping joints
Aluminum properties
Uncased railway crossings
Effects on pipelines in proximity to low-voltage alternating current lines and associated
facilities
Materials
Design temperatures
Notch toughness
Aluminum pipe and components
Installation of aluminum piping
Bends and elbows
Attachment of test leads
Storage and handling of aluminum pipe and fittings during installation
Ambient temperature
Burial of coiled aluminum pipe by ploughing
Plain dents
Joining
General
Arc welding
High energy joining — General
High energy joining — Qualification of joining procedure specifications
High energy joining — Qualification of personnel
High energy joining — Inspection and testing of high energy joints for qualification of joining
procedure specifications and personnel
High energy joining — Production welding
High energy joining — Inspection and testing of high energy joints
Mechanical interference fit joints
Pressure testing
Corrosion control
Test lead attachment
Installation of cathodic protection systems
Corrosive medium
Operating, maintenance, and upgrading
Evaluation of imperfections and repair of piping containing defects
Maintenance welding
Pipeline hot taps
Sour service
General
Material properties
Exposure to iron sulphides
Location factor
Sectionalizing valves
Nondestructive inspection
Integrity management program
Construction
Operating and maintenance
Records
Sour service pipelines
General
Sour service — Specific definition
Design
Design parameters
Design information
Stress design
Anchors and restraints
Threaded joints
Pipe-type and bottle-type holders and pipe-type storage vessels
Materials
Environmental cracking
Material provisions
Marking
Nonferrous materials
Construction
Deviations
Records
Inspection plan
Joining
Carbon equivalent
Change in carbon equivalent
Butt welds of unequal thickness
Weld hardness requirements
Deposited weld metal composition limitations
Alignment
Preheat
Backwelding
Corrosion and corrosion control
Supplemental mitigation requirements
Mitigation and monitoring program
Design and sizing of pigs
Operating and maintenance
Procedures
Records
Repair methods
Hydrogen charging
Direct deposition welding
Change management process
Changes in service conditions
Integrity management program
Gas and multiphase pipeline systems
Additional requirements
Design
Joining
Operating and maintenance
Additional requirements for gas pipeline systems only
General
Mechanical interference fit joints
Start-up corrosion mitigation
Composite-reinforced steel pipelines
General
Applicability
Specific definitions
Design
Stress distribution
Maximum operating pressure
Design pressure
External pressures and loadings
Stress limits
Design temperature
Engineering assessment
Materials and manufacture
Steel pipe
Fibre-reinforced composite
Composite-reinforced steel pipe manufacture
Installation
Field bending
Damage
Crossings
Joining
General
Joint reinforcement
Transitions to steel pipe
Qualification of joining procedure specifications
Pressure testing
Corrosion control
Operation and maintenance
Annex A (informative) — Safety and loss management system
Annex B (informative) — Guidelines for risk assessment of pipeline systems
Annex C (informative) — Limit states design
Annex D (informative) — Guidelines for in-line inspection of pipelines
Annex E (informative) — Recommended practice for liquid hydrocarbon pipeline leak detection
Annexes F and G have been deleted
Annex H (normative) — Pipeline failure records
Annex I (informative) — Oilfield steam distribution pipelines — Alternate provisions
Annex J (informative) — Recommended practice for determining the acceptability of imperfections in
fusion welds using engineering critical assessment
Annex K (informative) — Standards of acceptability for circumferential pipe butt welds based upon
fracture mechanics principles
Annex L (informative) — Alternative or supplementary test methods for coating property and
characteristics evaluation
Annex M (informative) — Guidance for system control, monitoring, and protection of hydrocarbon
pipeline systems
Annex N (informative) — Guidelines for pipeline system integrity management programs
Annex O (informative) — Reliability-based design and assessment (RBDA) of onshore non-sour service
natural gas transmission pipelines
Annex P (informative) — Development and qualification and welding procedure specifications
Commentary