Claude.G Liquid Air Oxygen Nitrogen

Philadelphia 1913 year, - 452 page.
Жидкий воздух.
A question has often been asked latterly; it is,
*, ‘‘What is liquid air?” The subject has been so
much discussed, and so much has been made of it,
that it is hard to believe that there isnot some.
occult mystery attending it. Liquid air is simply
aix which is so cold that it assumes the liquid state.
The fact that the question has been so often asked
» suggests the need for a thorough answer; for back
of it there lies a great region of physics and chemis-
try, a summary exploration of which in the light of.
the knowledge of to-day cannot but be interesting.
In it are concerned the great doctrine of the con-
servation of energy, the laws of heat, the three
states of matter, and the chemistry of air, and it is
not expecting too much of the reader of to-day to
hope that the theory of the subject presented within
the compass of an hour’s reading will interest him.
The account of the liquefaction of gases includes
a period of about one hundred years, and with it is
bound up the history of the Royal Institution of
London. In its laboratory Faraday worked with
bent tubes, liquefying gases and blowing the tubes
to pieccs and nearly blinding himself in his efforts.
This was half a century ago and more. And now
within its walls, with elaborate machinery based upon
Pictet’s circuits of 1877, James Dewar, the successor
of Faraday, liquefies hydrogen and helium and ends
the century’s work.
In Switzerland and France, toward the end of
1877, the beginning of the cnd appeared when oxygen
was liquefied. Pictet and Cailletet were the rivals,
separated only a few days in their liquefaction of
this gas, discovered by Priestly and Lavoisier almost
exactly one hundred years betore the date of its re-
duction to the liquid state.
America was not idle. Tripler working away @
privately, with no institution or association to back
him, has surpassed the dreams of the most enthusi-
astic visionaries and has made liquid air by the barrel,
and has sent it all over a wide range of countryThe long record should not be read until the
answer to the query cited above has been given;
Po 307-319
Liquefaction in tubes, Davy Linde..
Linde’s liquefaction process and
AV PATAlUS... cies cetenge
Liquefaction in tubes, Davy’s sug-
SeSLIOMsLOL Me wecieeree
ey ire
Liquefaction of gases, Faraday’s
Liquefaction of hydrogen, Pictet’s
experimentin
Liquefaction process and appara-
ENG SALLITELS Ge ne Nee ore 307-319
Liquefied gas receiver, Caille-
EUS TR ca rae one cata . 195-196
Liquid air accelerating combus-
RAIN Ba oe Aeeten
WOM Meee ee 332-333
Liquid air r apparatus, Linders 309-312
Liquid air as source of oxygen.316-318
Liquid air as source of power...356
Liquid air defined... 69)
Liquid air dropped into mater pane
Liquid air, experiments with. .325-337
Liquid air explosive... 0348-353
Liquid air, filtering... pure nert a 20=3
27,
Liquid air, gasification of... rg 2
Liquid air giving two liquids... 220
Liquid air in Dewar bulb... eso
*haquid airan flask £.\..22..< an 53
Liquid air, medical uses of...342-343
aquade Pictets ca. cae. snack 24, 169-171
(
Liquid floating on a gas...see. wei!
Liquid fluorine, data of... 278-280
Liquid helium, Dewar’s produc-
tion of THUR relosicerstete
r roe col
Piquidihy drogenintses ar . . 280-285
Liquid hydrogen, data of... 280-283
Liquid hydrogen, Olszewski’s de-
termination of constant of .227-229
Liquids and solids, solutions of,
TASES Meet ee ee My ct Oay 23-24
Liquids, molecular motionin... apes)
Liquid'state: 2...3% desubootudcdssc vel
Liveing, G.D. w oete/al ele
aie's'
«wis ieiere es 232
ANAS LOLCE LSS cr tyacm ees «oe ie ere tone 29
Low temperatures, applications
Oy then Tole ee oe ECON ee . .338-356
Machinery, Dewar’s, Royal Insti-
RUC ate Ais. fae to Sif aeRO Ox 239
Magnetism of oxygen...
.. aay
Manometer, Faraday’s...124-125
Manometers, Cailletet’s...187-189
363
Marsh gas, liquid, as refrigerant..215
WRA
SS Aare eter trea s Ate iretin.. a ledereaiaiotele eee
Matter, icritical staterof, 5 .6c%i5- 19-20
Matter, three forms or states of... 11
Maxwell, J. Clerk...150, 204, 225, 289
Maxwell, J. Clerk, on low grade
NEAMEHera Verne he ee Sees 289
Medical uses of liquid air... 342-343
Meniscus defined... Beit cathe ae 21
Mercury frozen by liquid air... 331-332
Mercury vapor, experiment in
PUCeZIT
haan ere er, 253-254
Metals affected: by iatense cold,.328-329
Metals, effect of intense cold on
elaSlicity, 0 tae el 255-256, 260
Metals, effect of intense cold on
elon Sationioteanee eae 259-260
Metals, effect of intense cold on
Strencthyoigse. aie eee 256-259
Metals, Tresca’s flow of... 255 256
Mixtures ENiOrien Se ieds.cccsne
ot 113
Moissaun and Dewar’s liquefaction
(on ishblevmnuvs: AP pen)
Le . .276-280
IMOISsatin PLOle ener 2320277)
Molecular attraction...II-12
Molecular death...t... HAPRaE
Re es eis doy
Molecular motion of gases...17-18
Molecular motion of solids...11
Mond yer, Ludwis ines seen eal
Monge and Clouet... boat .IIO
Natterer, J..19, 42, 141-147, 169, 194,
2URI2L3 210
Natterer’s apparatus and experi-
SILC MUCH roti dese shednteseemrevers
«ers 141-147
Natterer’s freezing mixture... 145
Natterer sithermometer. 1... atAS Wore
INALLeEreIy Ste meat er 23. 2135210
Negative Joule-Thomson effect... 301
Nitrogen, anomalies of...:... 88.
Nitrogen, Cailletet’s liquefaction
Nitrogen dispatch, Wroblewski
and Olszewski’s
Nitrogen, solidification of, by
Wroblewski and Olszewski...214
Nitrous oxide, Faraday’s liquefac-
tI OLA 2 aa eee ACK See ELL
Nitrous oxide, Natterer’s liquefac-
tionloh 7 Sawer: . 145
Nitrous iicides ptimeeatid ‘by Bote
day as cooling-agent...114Northmore, Thomas, .106, 110, 117-
ETS wL20 22 et AS
Northmore, Thomas, liquefac-
LIONS DY, Ce eis toe OO LL EO
Onnes, H. Kamerlingh...49, 270, 301
Olszewski, K..42, 145, I51, 157, 165,
168, 169, 185, 203-229, 266, 267, 301
Otszewski’s and Pictet’s appara--
US ,GGlectinee emeae eee oc 223
Olszewski’s determination of con-
stants of liquid hydrogen. .227-229
Olszewski’s liquefaction appara-
tus of 1890...:. ena oi teeea Ree . 221-226
Olszewski’s liquefaction of hydro-
Cel aApproximaleseneen notes 221
Olszewski’s static oxygen..-.. 221-226
Oxygen, Cailletet’s liquefaction
Oxygen, critical pressure of,
Wroblewski and Olszewski’s
Aeterimination! scene
e ee 216-217
Oxygen, critical temperature of,
Wroblewski and Olszewski’s
determination eee 217-218
Oxygen dispatch, Wroblewski
and Olszewslals 2 eeere
eae 211-212
Oxygen, Linde’s method for pro-
ducing... SOTO Ly ec hes
Oxygen, imapaceen Ole Shenk Sy
Oxygen, specific Pavia detec!
mination of, Wroblewski and
Olszewskils ne ater ae 214
Paris, Dr. John Ayrton, and Fara-
Gay gee ee nae SiG Sao
ae Gata 107-109
Perkins’ alleged liquefaction of
Permanent gases, the six so-called.150
Pictet, “Raowl.26.22024 T29.5125 A750,
I5I, I52-171, 185, 192, 200, 205,
220, 223, 225, 233, 264, 289
Pictet, honors received by...156
Pictet’s cycles used by Dewar...233
Pictet’s cycles praised by Wrob-
TeWSKi. eee conte ree e+ 205-206
Pictet’s determination of tempera-
CULE
Ts. cevare ce eto eee ae ee OT,
Pictet’s Experiment: in cold well,
340-341
Pictet’s frigotherapy...338-342
Pictet’s Intellectual and Moral
Philosophtyaen eee os coe 57
INDEX.
Pictet’s life and characteér...153-I55
Pictet’s liquefaction of oxygen
dispatch...cssitaeisls a ghana
Pictet’s original liquefaction ap-
PaTatus swale as rere eyo
Pictet sdiquidi, «eee 24, 169-171
Pictet’s work, importance of...168
Pleischl’s lecture on WNatterer’s
apparatus... «++ 6144-146
eeeceecece
Pneumatic Institution... Apnnce):
Potential energy... AP ae Ree:
Power expended in Linde’ Ss ap-
PaTracuseeeeees CRU ea tees 316, 318
Power, liquid air as reservoir of...356
Pressure affecting state of mat-
1S Oat see ere ete et . 16-17
Pressure, critical... PEE ee i seg
Pressures, enormous, in Natter-
et’s ex petitients sey neeee «ge
Pump, Cailletet’s mercury... IQI-195
Puntp, Kataday:S “aa-ea nee pons
Pump, Pictet}Staaacqaceetee eee 166
Purification of chemicals by
Coldum..: saohemeen Sits ctor 344 347
Purity, critical state test of...343-344
RAMSAY io cae ence eer Jon pono oe
Reaumur thermometer scale..38, 44-45
Regnault’s mercury pump... 193
Release, Cailletet’sm eee aero
Ribard’s local application of in-
tense coldec. > «as jeee es eee
Ribeau, George, Faraday’s em-
ployer: (ses eoree mingonedos ce
Reseneration of cold.-ewesetan 299
Royal Institution of England.10, 92-99
Rumford, Countier.- swe 92-95, 118-119
Rumford’s, Count, experiment in
liquefaction of gases...118-119
Secondaaes. Peon mean Seed idles
Self-intensive refrigeration...300
Siemens, William... 299, 300, 301
Silvered gas bulbs... Sin ean
Skating rinks, Pictet's... 154-155
Solid state of matter... sav au be
Solid carbon dioxide and Crookes
LAYOT oe s'n's sas ssh ptsak es eta . 84
Solids and liquids, solutions of,
LEASES.
. diss s,chtop ocd e Geese ae
Solids, flow of “siewscsd.u seuss
eee eee
Solids, vaporization of...15-16
Solution, gaseous, utilized...24