Staikov G. (ed.) Electrocrystallization in Nanotechnology

Wiley-VCH, 2007. — 280 p.List of Contributors
FundamentalsThe Impact of Electrocrystallization on Nanotechnology
Georgi Staikov and Alexander MilchevThermodynamic Properties of Large and Small Phases
The State of Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Electrochemical Supersaturation and Undersaturation
The Thermodynamic Work for Nucleus Formation
Classical Nucleation Theory
Atomistic Nucleation Theory
Kinetics of Nucleus Formation in Electrocrystallization
Energy State of the Electrode Surface and Spatial Distribution of
Nanoclusters
Electrochemical Growth of Nanoparticles and Ultrathin Films
Growth of 3D Nanoclusters
Growth of 2D Nanoclusters and Formation of UPD Monolayers
Localization of Electrocrystallization Processes and NanostructuringComputer Simulations of Electrochemical Low-dimensional Metal Phase Formation
Marcelo M. Mariscal and Ezequiel P. M. LeivaMolecular Dynamics Simulations
Generalities
Nanostructuring of Metallic Surfaces
Monte Carlo Method
Generalities
Off-lattice Models
Stability of Metallic Nanostructures
Lattice ModelsElectrocrystallization
Dynamics of Crystal Growth
Simulation of a Complex Underpotential Deposition System
Brownian and Langevin Dynamics Simulations
Generalities
Applications in Electrochemical Nanostructuring and Crystal
Growth
Conclusions and OutlookElectrodeposition of Metals in Templates and STM Tip-generated 0D Nanocavities
Wolfgang KautekBottom-up Template Approach
Top-down SPM Approach
Thermodynamics of Low-dimensional Phases
Experiments on the Electrodeposition in STM-tip-generated
Nanocavities
Underpotential Behavior of Bismuth on Gold
Zero-dimensional Bi Deposition
ConclusionsNanoscale Electrocrystallization of Metals and Semiconductors from Ionic Liquids
Walter Freyland, Chitradurga L. Aravinda, and Ditimar BorissovSome Electrochemical and Interfacial Characteristics of Ionic Liquids (ILs)
Variable Temperature Electrochemical SPM Technique for Studies with Ionic Liquids
Underpotential Deposition of Metals: Phase Formation and Transitions
Ag on Au(111): Aqueous versus Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
Zn on Au(111): Spinodal Decomposition and Surface Alloying
Overpotential Deposition of Metals, Alloys and Semiconductors
Co – Al, Ni – Al and Ti – Al Alloy Deposition
Nanoscale Growth of Al – Sb Compound Semiconductors
Concluding RemarksSuperconformal Film Growth
Thomas P. Moffat, Daniel Wheeler, and Daniel JosellCompetitive Adsorption: Inhibition versus Acceleration
Quantifying the Impact of Competitive Adsorption on Metal Deposition
Kinetics
Feature Filling
Shape Change Simulations
Stability Analysis
Conclusions and OutlookII.Preparation and Properties of NanostructuresLocalized Electrocrystallization of Metals by STM Tip Nanoelectrodes
Werner Schindler and Philipp HugelmannElectrochemistry in Nanoscale Dimensions
Jump-to-Contact Metal Deposition
Scanning Electrochemical Microscope
STM Tip Electrochemical Nanoelectrodes
Metal Deposition by STM Tip Electrochemical Nanoelectrodes
Metal Dissolution by STM Tip Electrochemical Nanoelectrodes
The Importance of Nanoelectrode Tip Shape and Surface Quality
Localized Electrodeposition of Single Metal Nanostructures
Summary and Outlook AcknowledgmentsFabrication of Ordered Anodic Nanoporous Alumina Layers and their Application to Nanotechnology
Hidetaka Asoh and Sachiko OnoSelf-ordered Anodic Porous AluminaControlling Factor of Self-ordering of Pore Arrangement in Anodic
Porous Alumina Typical Current–Time Transients at Constant Voltages
Change in the Porosity of Anodic Alumina with Increasing Formation
Voltage
Typical Self-ordering Behavior
High-current-density/High-electric-field Anodization
New Self-ordering Conditions
Ideally Ordered Anodic Porous Alumina
Two-step Anodization
Fabrication of Ideally Ordered Anodic Porous Alumina Square Cell Arrangement
Detailed Observation of Square Cells Anodic Porous Alumina with 3D Periodicity Modulation of Channel Structure
2D/3D Composite Porous Alumina Application of Nanoporous Alumina to a Mask for Fabrication of
Nanostructures
Nanopatterning: Conventional Lithography vs. Natural Lithography
Anodization of Al on a Si Substrate
Natural Lithography of Si Surfaces Using Anodic Porous Alumina as a MaskElectrochemical Fabrication of Metal Nanocontacts and Nanogaps
Fang Chen and N. J. TaoIntroduction Electrochemical Fabrication of Metal Nanocontacts STM/AFM Assisted Method
Electrodeposition on Surface-supported Electrodes
Self-terminated Method
Electrochemical Etching
Nanocontacts Prepared Using Nanopores Solid State Electrochemical Reaction Properties of Metal Nanocontacts Mechanical Properties Electron Transport Electrochemical Properties Device Properties Magnetic Properties
Sensing Properties
Electrochemical Fabrication of Metal Nanogaps
AC-loop Monitoring System
DC-loop Monitoring System Electric Double Layer as Feedback
High-frequency Impedance as Feedback
Application of NanogapsNanowires by Electrochemical Step Edge Decoration (ESED)
Reginald M. PennerIntroduction General Considerations
Direct Nanowire Electrodeposition Compound Nanowires by Cyclic Electrodeposition/Stripping
Electrochemical/Chemical Synthesis of Nanowires
Nanowire Thinning by ElectrooxidationElectrochemical Fabrication of Arrayed Nanostructures
Takayuki HommaFormation of Metal Nanodots Along the Step Edge of the Si(111)
Surface Maskless Fabrication of Metal Nanodot Arrays using Electroless
Deposition Induced by Controlled Local Surface ActivitiesElectrodeposition of Two-dimensional Magnetic Nanostructures on Single Crystal Electrode Surfaces
Philippe Allongue and Fouad MarounUltrathin Magnetic Films Magnetic Moment of Ultrathin Films
In Situ Magnetic Characterizations Alternating Gradient Field Magnetometry (AGFM)
Magneto Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE)
Description and Exploitation of in Situ Magnetic Measurements
Electrochemical Growth and Magnetic Properties of Iron Group Films on Au(111)
Electrochemistry of Au(111) in Iron Group Metal Solutions Ni/Au(111) Morphology and Structure Magnetic Properties Co/Au(111)
Morphology and Structure
Magnetic Properties
Fe/Au(111)
Morphology and Structure Magnetic Properties Concluding RemarksElectrodeposition and Properties of Nanoscale Magnetic/Non-magnetic
Metallic Multilayer Films
Laґszloґ Peґter and Imre BakonyiElectrodeposition
Electrolyte Composition
Deposition Conditions of the More Noble Layer Deposition of the Less Noble Layer Various Multilayer Deposition Modes Nucleation of the Layers on Each Other
Properties Structure
Magnetic Properties
Magnetoresistance
Summary Acknowledgments