Gutierrez-D.E.A., Deen M.J., Claeys C.L. (eds.) Low Temperature Electronics: Physics, Devices, Circuits, and Applications

Academic Press, 2001. — 964 p. — ISBN 978-0123106759.Low Temperature Electronics: Physics, Devices, Circuits, and Applications summarizes the recent advances in cryoelectronics starting from the fundamentals in physics and semiconductor devices to electronic systems, hybrid superconductor-semiconductor technologies, photonic devices, cryocoolers and thermal management. Furthermore, this book provides an exploration of the currently available theory, research, and technologies related to cryoelectronics, including treatment of the solid state physical properties of the materials used in these systems.
Current applications are found in infrared systems, satellite communications and medical equipment. There are opportunities to expand in newer fields such as wireless and mobile communications, computers, and measurement and scientific equipment. Low temperature operations can offer certain advantages such as higher operational speeds, lower power dissipation, shorter signal transmission times, higher semiconductor and metal thermal conductivities, and improved digital and analog circuit performance.
The computer, telecommunication, and cellular phone market is pushing the semiconductor industry towards the development of very aggressive device and integrated circuit fabrication technologies. This is taking these technologies towards the physical miniaturization limit, where quantum effects and fabrication costs are becoming a technological and economical barrier for further development. In view of these limitations, operation of semiconductor devices and circuits at low temperature (cryogenic temperature) is studied in this book.
It is a book intended for a wide audience: students, scientists, technology development engineers, private companies, universities, etc. It contains information which is for the first time available as an all-in-one source; Interdisciplinary material is arranged and made compatible in this book. It is a must as reference source.Foreword.
General.
Overview.

Physics of Silicon at Cryogenic Temperatures.Energy Distribution and Charge Carriers.
Semiconductor Surface-Related Phenomena.
Charge Ionization.
Thermal Properties and Electrothermal Effects.
Optical Properties.
Conclusions.Silicon Devices and Circuits.The Bulk MOS Transistor.
The Silicon-on-Insulator MOS Transistor.
The Bipolar Transistor.
Radiation Detectors.
Circuits.
Conclusions.Reliability Aspects of Cryogenic Silicon Technologies.High Electrical Field Transport Phenomena in Si at Cryogenic Temperatures.
Avalanche and Breakdown Effects in Si Resistors and Bipolar Devices at Low Temperature.
Avalanche and Breakdown Phenomena in Cryogenic MOSFETs.
Hot Carrier Degradation and Reliability at Low Temperatures.
Conclusions.Radiation Effects and Low-Frequency Noise in Silicon Technologies.Radiation Effects at Low Temperature.
Low-Frequency Noise at Cryogenic Temperatures.
Conclusions.Heterostructure and Compound Semiconductor Devices.GaAs Field-Effect Transistors.
High Electron Mobility Transistors.
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors.
Resonant Tunneling Diodes.
Circuits and Applications Acknowledgments.Compound Heterostructure Semiconductor Lasers and Photodetectors.Compound Semiconductor Lasers.
InP/InGaAs Avalanche Photodiodes.
Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors.
PIN and Other Photodetectors and Cryogenic Application Systems Acknowledgments.High-Temperature Superconductor/Semiconductor Hybrid Microwave Devices and Circuits.High-Temperature Superconducting Films: Fabrication and Characterization.
Filters.
Antennas.
Oscillators.
Hybrid Superconductor/Semiconductor Receiver Front Ends.
Conclusions.Cryocooling and Thermal Management.Obtainment of Cryogenic Liquids.
Fundamentals of Cryogenic Processes.
Basic Cooling Methods.
Thermoelectronic Cooling.
Generation of Ultralow Cryogenic Temperatures.
Cryostats.
Thermal Management.
Conclusions.Applications, Trends, and Perspectives.