Daniels D.J. EM detection of concealed targets

Wiley, 2010. — 284 p. — ISBN 978-0-470-12169-6.The subject matter of this book is the radio-frequency (RF), millimetre-wave, microwave, and terahertz detection of concealed targets. It is intended for those interested in the development and application of such techniques and equipment. The application is of significant importance in view of the threat posed by suicide bombers and criminals in relation to weapons, explosives, and narcotics as well as human trafficking. In addition, the detection of targets buried in the ground is relevant, and the applications can range from the detection of buried land mines and improvised explosive devices to humans buried in avalanches or earthquakes to hostiles behind walls. The main aim of this book is to bring together in one volume the core information on a variety of electromagnetic techniques that are useful in detecting such concealed targets.Scope and Objectives
Structure
Market Needs for Security
Targets inside Containers
Buried Land Mines
Forensic Detection of Buried Bodies
Avalanche and Earthquake Victims
Concealed Humans
Concealed Targets on Humans
Radiological Considerations
Licensing Considerations
Statistics of the Detection Performance of a SensorPhysics of PropagationPropagation of Electromagnetic Fields in Free Space
Reactive Fields
Near Fields
Far Fields
Polarization
Radar Cross Section
Reflection
Refraction
Brewster Angle
Dispersion
Anisotropy
Clutter
Propagation of Energy in a DielectricVelocity in a Dielectric
Impedance of a Dielectric
Propagation Loss in a Dielectric
Coupling Losses into Materials
Dielectric Properties of Soils and Rocks
Propagation in Water
Atmospheric Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves
Rain and Fog
Dust, Smoke, and Sand Storms
Attenuation of Electromagnetic Fields by Materials
Human and Animal
Heartbeat
Respiration
Clothing
Construction Materials
ExplosivesAntennasAntenna Parameters
Antenna Directivity
Antenna Gain
Antenna Efficiency
Side Lobes and Back Lobes
Bandwidth
Polarization—Linear, Elliptical, and Circular
Antenna Phase Center
Antenna Patterns
Time Side Lobes and Ring-down
Antenna Footprint
Aperture Antennas
Antennas for Proximal OperationCoupling Energy into the Ground or a Dielectric
Linear Phase Antennas
Dipoles
Loaded Antennas
BiConical Antennas
Bow-Tie Antennas
Dielectric Road Antennas
TEM Horn Antennas
Impulse Radiating Antennas
Nonlinear Phase Antennas
Vivaldi Antennas
Equiangular Antennas
Horn Antennas
Antenna ArraysNuclear Quadrupole ResonancePulse Sequences
System DesignTransmit-and-Receive Coils
Receiver and Coil Considerations
Signal Processing
Detection of Explosives
Land-Mine Detection
Illicit Drugs
Cocaine
Cocaine Hydrochloride
Heroin (Diamorphine)Radar SystemsDoppler Radar Systems
Frequency-Domain RadarsTwo-Frequency Doppler Radar
Stepped Frequency Radar Systems
Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar
Harmonic Radar
Noise Radar
Spatial Modulation
Amplitude ModulationPassive SystemsPrinciples of Radiometry
Total Power Radiometer
Dicke Radiometer
Minimum Detectable Temperature
Temperature Resolution
Imaging SystemsApplications and TechnologyPhysiological Monitoring
Earthquake and Avalanche Radar Systems
Forensic Applications
Through-Wall Radar (TWR) for Surveillance
Harmonic Radar Systems
Land-Mine Detection Radar Systems
Handheld Land-Mine Detection Radar Systems
Vehicle-Mounted Land-Mine Detection Radar Systems
Radar for General Search Operations
Spatially Modulated Systems
Millimeter-Wave Radar Systems