Siedler G., Church J., Gould J. (eds), Ocean Circulation and Climate: Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean

International Geophysics Series, 2001, Volume 77. Academic Press, New York, London, 2001. – 736 pp.
As a moderator and initiator of climate variability and change, and as an economic resource, the global ocean is vital to life on earth. Quantifying the ocean’s role in climate has become a matter of urgency as society attempts to gauge how growing greenhouse gas concentrations will affect climate. The intergovernmental agreements of the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 indicate that policymakers are aware of the need to act on the basis of climate projections reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Determining how to improve, extend and use these projections is an enormous challenge.
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is at the heart of this challenge. It predates the World Climate Research Programme, of which it is now a part. WOCE was the brainchild of a small group of scientists who, in the early 1980s, saw the prospects for instituting the first truly global ocean study, using new satellite technology and global ocean models made possible by increasing computer power. WOCE also needed unstinting international collaboration to collect a previously unobtainable in-situ global data set for validating and improving ocean circulation models. The satellite remote sensing, navigation and computer advances in the 1990s, coupled with developing electronic communication and the World Wide Web, made such an enterprise possible. In the process, WOCE revolutionized oceanography.Foreword
Preface xviii
Acknowledgment xx
Section 1: The Ocean and Climate
Climate and Oceans / Hartmut Grassl
Ocean Processes and Climate Phenomena / Allyn Clarke, John Church and John Gould
The Origins, Development and Conduct of WOCE / B.J. Thompson, J. Crease and John Gould
Section 2: Observations and Models
Global Problems and Global Observations / Carl Wunsch
High-Resolution Modelling of the Thermohaline and Wind-Driven Circulation / ClausW. Bцning and Albert J. Semtner
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Models / Richard A. Wood and Frank O. Bryan
Section 3: New Ways of Observing the Ocean
Shipboard Observations during WOCE / B. A. King, E. Firing and T.M. Joyce
Subsurface Lagrangian Observations during the 1990s / Russ E. Davis and Walter Zenk
Ocean Circulation and Variability from Satellite Altimetry / Lee-Lueng Fu
Air–Sea Fluxes from Satellite Data / W. Timothy Liu and Kristina B. Katsaros
The World Ocean Surface Circulation / Peter Niiler
The Interior Circulation of the Ocean / D. J. Webb and N. Suginohara
The Tropical Ocean Circulation / J. S. Godfrey, G.C. Johnson, M.J. McPhaden, G. Reverdin and Susan E. Wijffels
Tropical–Extratropical Oceanic Exchange Pathways / Zhengyu Liu and S. G. H. Philander
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current System / Stephen R. Rintoul, Chris W. Hughes and Dirk Olbers
Interocean Exchange / Arnold L. Gordon
Section 5: Formation and Transport of Water Masses
Ocean Surface Water Mass Transformation / William G. Large and A.J. George Nurser
Mixing and Stirring in the Ocean Interior / John M. Toole and Trevor J. McDougall
Subduction / James F. Price
Mode Waters / Kimio Hanawa and Lynne D. Talley
Deep Convection / John Lazier, Robert Pickart and Peter Rhines
The Dense Northern Overflows / Peter M. Saunders
Mediterranean Water and Global Circulation / Julio Candela
Transformation and Age of Water Masses / P. Schlosser, J. L. Bullister, R. Fine, W. J. Jenkins, R. Key, J. Lupton, W. Roether and W.M. Smethie, Jr
Section 6: Large-Scale Ocean Transports
Ocean Heat Transport / Harry L. Bryden and Shiro Imawaki
Ocean Transport of Fresh Water / Susan E. Wijffels
Storage and Transport of Excess CO2 in the Oceans: The JGOFS/WOCE Global CO2 Survey / Douglas W. R. Wallace
Section 7: Insights for the Future
Towards a WOCE Synthesis / Lynne D. Talley, Detlef Stammer and Ichiro Fukumori
Numerical Ocean Circulation Modelling: Present Status and Future Directions / J. Willebrand and D. B. Haidvogel
The World during WOCE / Bob Dickson, Jim Hurrell, Nathan Bindoff, Annie Wong, Brian Arbic, Breck Owens, Shiro Imawaki and Igor Yashayaev
Ocean and Climate Prediction – the WOCE Legacy / Neville Smith
Acronyms, abbreviations and terms