Committee on the Assessment of Water Reuse as an Approach to Meeting Future Water Supply Needs; National Research Council Water Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater

Nas press, 2012. - 277 pages.
sbn: 0309257492 9780309257497.
This bookpresents a portfolio of treatment options available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water along with new analysis suggesting that the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems, and may be orders of magnitude lower.a new era of water management.
population Growth and Water Supply.
New Approaches to Water Management.
Current Challenges.
Statement of Committee Task and Report Overview.Current state of water reuse.
context for Water Reuse.
Planned Nonpotable Water Reuse Applications.
Potable Water Reuse.
Extent of Water Reuse.
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Water quality.
pathogens.
norganic Chemicals.
Organic Chemicals.
Conclusions.
Wastewater reclamation technology.
preliminary, Primary, and Secondary Treatment.
Disinfection.
Advanced Engineered Treatment.
Engineered Natural Processes.
Conclusions.
Ensuring water quality in water reclamation.
design Principles to Ensure Quality and Reliability.
Operational Principles to Assure Quality and Reliability.
Steps to Ensure Water Quality in Water Reuse.
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Understanding the risks.
ntroduction to the Risk Framework.
Context for Understanding Waterborne Illnesses and Outbreaks.
Hazard Identification.
Water Reuse Exposure Assessment.
Dose-Response Assessments.
Risk Characterization.
Consideration of Uncertainty.
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Evaluating the risks of potable reuse in context.
previous Nrc assessments of Reuse Risks.
The Risk Exemplar.
Conclusions.
Ecological enhancement via water reuse.
potential Concerns about Environmental Applications.
Approaches for Assessing Ecological Risks of Reclaimed Water.
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Costs.
financial and Economic Costs.
Factors Affecting the Financial Costs of Water Reuse Projects.
Nonmonetized Costs and Benefits of Reuse.
Reported Reuse Costs.
Comparative Costs of Supply Alternatives.
Reclaimed Water Rates.
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Social, Legal, And regulatory issues and opportunities.
water Rights.
The Federal Water Quality Regulatory Framework.
Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines.
Public Involvement and Attitudes.
Conclusions.
Research needs.
research Priorities.
Federal and Nonfederal Roles.
Conclusions.acronyms.
appendixes.
Appendix A: Details in Support of the Risk Exemplar in Chapter 6.
Appendix B: Computation of Average Daily Dose.
Appendix C: Survey of Water Reclamation Costs.
Appendix D: Water Science and Technology Board.
Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.