Worldwatch Institute. Biofuels for Transport: Global Potential and Implications for Sustainable Energy and Agriculture

Earthscan, 2007. 481 p. — ISBN: 978-1-84407-422-8.List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
AcknowledgementsNote to Readers
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Status and Global Trends
Current Status of the Biofuel Industry and Markets
A global overview
History of biofuel production programmes
Current biofuel production
World petroleum use and implications for biofuels
Recent developments in the biofuel industry
Liquid Biofuels: A PrimerCarbohydrate-derived biofuels
Lipid-derived biofuels
Production costs for biofuels
First-Generation FeedstocksRelative feedstock yields
Sugar crops
Starch crops
Oilseed crops
Other potential oil sources for biodiesel
Potential and limitations of current feedstocksNew Technologies, Crops and Prospects
Next-Generation FeedstocksBasic characteristics of cellulosic biomass
Biomass residues and organic wastes
Increasing cellulose yields from grain and/or oilseed crops 54
Double-cropping approaches
Energy crops
Habitat and mono-crop issuesNew Technologies for Converting Biomass into Liquid Fuels 60Basic conversion technology options
Converting lignocellulosic fibres and wastes into liquid fuels 63
Emerging developments in conversion technology
‘Mature’ applications of cellulosic conversion technologies 73
The biorefinery concept
Near-term prospects for cellulosic liquid fuelsLong-Term Biofuel Production PotentialsBioenergy in the world energy mix
Biomass residues and organic wastes
Energy crops and land availability
Global scenarios for biomass production
Competing uses for biomassKey Economic and Social Issues
Economic and Energy SecurityRising demand for liquid fuels
The biofuels alternative
Subsidies
Biofuels and the agricultural market
The economic promise of next-generation biofuels 114
Increasing efficiency and demand-reduction strategies 115Implications for Agriculture and Rural Development 12Expanding markets for agricultural products
Creating agricultural employment
Substituting for agricultural subsidies
Biofuel processing: Adding value to agricultural harvests 1
Biofuels for local use
Industry concentration and the distribution of profits 1
Food versus fuelInternational Trade in BiofuelsCurrent biofuel trade
Competitive advantage and the biofuels trade
Policies affecting international biofuel trade
Social and environmental issues and the biofuel trade
Risks and opportunities for market development
Technical and logistical risks of biofuel trade
Consistent fuel standards for the international biofuel trade 1Key Environmental Issues
Energy Balances of Current and Future Biofuels 15Measuring energy performance
Analysis of energy inputs
Improvements in efficiency and fossil energy balanceEffects on greenhouse gas emissions and climate stabilityBiofuels and the global climate
Life-cycle impacts of current-generation biofuels
Reducing the climate impact
Trade-offsEnvironmental Impacts of Feedstock Production 19Environmental costs of oil exploration and extraction
Biofuel feedstock production and land-use changes
Effects on soil quality
Water use and pollution
Air quality and atmosphereEnvironmental Impacts of Processing, Transport and Use 21Environmental costs of petroleum refining and use
Biofuel impacts: Refining
Biofuel transport and storage
Biofuel combustionMarket Introduction and Technology Strategies
Infrastructure RequirementsCentralized versus distributed production
Investment requirements for feedstock transport and processing 23
Investment requirements for biofuel transport, storage and delivery 2
nternational transport considerationsVehicle and Engine TechnologiesEthanol
Biodiesel
Other biofuels
Biofuels and advanced propulsion systemsTransfer of Technology and ExpertiseThe technology change and transfer process
Biofuel technology change and transfer
Development of a national biofuels strategy
Role of government and the private sector in biofuel
technology transfer
Large-scale biofuels technological change and transfer: The case of ProálcoolThe Policy Framework
Biofuel Policies around the WorldRegional, national and local policies
Policy lessons to date and remaining barriers
Relevant international policy instruments and initiatives
Relevant international environmental instrumentsStandards and Certification SchemesThe need for sustainability standards and certification
Relevant standards and certification schemes
Implications of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Policy
Framework for Biofuel Certification: International trade and equity
Key observations on biofuel standards and certification
Outstanding issues to be addressedRecommendations
Recommendations for Decision-MakersDeveloping the biofuel market
National and international research, development and demonstration 3
Incentives for rapid deployment of advanced low-impact biofuels and technologies
Infrastructure development
Optimizing ecological impacts
Maximizing rural development benefits
Encouraging sustainable trade in biofuels
Key overarching recommendations
Country Studies
Biofuels for Transportation in China
Biofuels for Transportation in India
Biofuels for Transportation in Tanzania
Biofuels for Transportation in Brazil
Biofuels for Transportation in Germany
Appendix Per Capita Consumption of Gasoline and Diesel, 2002 35
Appendix World Producers of Petroleum and Biofuels
Appendix Biofuels as a Percentage of Gasoline and Diesel Consumption
Appendix Block Diagram of Ethanol + F-T Fuels + GTCC
Appendix Overview of Key Elements and Correlations Determining Bioenergy Potential
Appendix Flow Chart of Bioenergy System Compared with Fossil Reference Energy System
Appendix Selected Standards and Certification Schemes Relevant to Biofuel Production and Trade
Glossary of Terms
Notes