Morris Alan S., Langari R. Measurement and Instrumentation: Theory and Application

Elsevier/AP, 2012. — 640 p. — ISBN: 0123819604.Measurement and Instrumentation introduces undergraduate engineering students to the measurement principles and the range of sensors and instruments that are used for measuring physical variables. Based on Morris's Measurement and Instrumentation Principles, this brand new text has been fully updated with coverage of the latest developments in such measurement technologies as smart sensors, intelligent instruments, microsensors, digital recorders and displays and interfaces. Clearly and comprehensively written, this textbook provides students with the knowledge and tools, including examples in LabVIEW, to design and build measurement systems for virtually any engineering application. The text features chapters on data acquisition and signal processing with LabVIEW from Dr. Reza Langari, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University.
Early coverage of measurement system design provides students with a better framework for understanding the importance of studying measurement and instrumentation. Includes significant material on data acquisition, coverage of sampling theory and linkage to acquisition/processing software, providing students with a more modern approach to the subject matter, in line with actual data acquisition and instrumentation techniques now used in industry
Extensive coverage of uncertainty (inaccuracy) aids students' ability to determine the precision of instruments.
Integrated use of LabVIEW examples and problems enhances students' ability to understand and retain content.AcknowledgementFundamentals of Measurement SystemsMeasurement Units
Measurement System Design
Elements of a Measurement System
Choosing Appropriate Measuring Instruments
Measurement System ApplicationsProblemsInstrument Types and Performance CharacteristicsReview of Instrument Types
Active and Passive Instruments
Null-Type and Deflection-Type Instruments
Analogue and Digital Instruments
Indicating Instruments and Instruments with a Signal Output
Smart and Nonsmart Instruments
Static Characteristics of Instruments
Accuracy and Inaccuracy (Measurement Uncertainty)
Precision/Repeatability/Reproducibility
Tolerance
Range or Span
Linearity
Sensitivity of Measurement
Threshold
Resolution
Sensitivity to Disturbance
Hysteresis Effects
Dead Space
Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments
Zero-Order Instrument
First-Order Instrument
Second-Order Instrument
Necessity for CalibrationProblemsMeasurement UncertaintySources of Systematic Error
System Disturbance due to Measurement
Errors due to Environmental Inputs
Wear in Instrument Components
Connecting Leads
Reduction of Systematic Errors
Careful Instrument Design
Calibration
Method of Opposing Inputs
High-Gain Feedback
Signal Filtering
Manual Correction of Output Reading
Intelligent Instruments
Quantification of Systematic Errors
Quantification of Individual Systematic Error Components
Calculation of Overall Systematic Error
Sources and Treatment of Random Errors
Statistical Analysis of Measurements Subject to Random Errors
Mean and Median Values
Standard Deviation and Variance
Graphical Data Analysis Techniques—Frequency Distributions
Gaussian (Normal) Distribution
Standard Gaussian Tables (z Distribution)
Standard Error of the Mean
Estimation of Random Error in a Single Measurement
Distribution of Manufacturing Tolerances
Chi-Squared (w
Distribution
Goodness of Fit to a Gaussian Distribution
Rogue Data Points (Data Outliers)
Student t Distribution
Aggregation of Measurement System Errors
Combined Effect of Systematic and Random Errors
Aggregation of Errors from Separate Measurement
System Components
Total Error When Combining Multiple MeasurementsProblemsCalibration of Measuring Sensors and InstrumentsPrinciples of Calibration
Control of Calibration Environment
Calibration Chain and Traceability
Calibration RecordsProblemsData Acquisition with LabVIEWComputer-Based Data Acquisition
Acquisition of Data
National Instruments LabVIEW
Virtual Instruments
Introduction to Graphical Programming in LabVIEW
Elements of the Tools Palette
Logic Operations in LabVIEW
Loops in LabVIEW
Case Structure in LabVIEW
Data Acquisition Using LabVIEW
LabVIEW Function GenerationProblems
Appendix: Software Tools for Laboratory Data Acquisition
Measurement Foundry
DasyLab
NET-iWPLUS
WinWedgeSignal Processing with LabVIEWAnalogue Filters
Passive Filters
Active Filters Using Op-amps
Implementation on a Breadboard
Building the Circuit
Electronic Components
Op-amps in Analogue Signal Processing
Digital Filters
Input Averaging Filter
Filter with Memory
Example
LabVIEW Implementation
Higher Order Digital Filters
Conclusions
Problems
Appendix
Simple Filter Solution
MatLAB Solution to the Butterworth Filter DesignElectrical Indicating and Test InstrumentsDigital Meters
oltage-to-Time Conversion Digital Voltmeter
Potentiometric Digital Voltmeter
Dual-Slope Integration Digital Voltmeter
Voltage-to-Frequency Conversion Digital Voltmeter
Digital Multimeter
Analogue Meters
Moving Coil Meter
Moving Iron Meter
Clamp-on Meters
Analogue Multimeter
Measuring High-Frequency Signals with Analogue Meters
Calculation of Meter Outputs for Nonstandard Waveforms
Oscilloscopes
Analogue Oscilloscope (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)
Digital Storage Oscilloscopes
Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope
Digital Sampling Oscilloscope
Personal Computer-Based OscilloscopeProblemsDisplay, Recording, and Presentation of Measurement DataDisplay of Measurement Signals
Electronic Output Displays
Computer Monitor Displays
Recording of Measurement Data
Chart Recorders
Ink-Jet and Laser Printers
Other Recording Instruments
Digital Data Recorders
Presentation of Data
Tabular Data Presentation
Graphical Presentation of DataProblemsVariable Conversion ElementsBridge Circuits
Null-Type d.c. Bridge (Wheatstone Bridge)
Deflection-Type d.c. Bridge
Error Analysis
a.c. Bridges
Commercial Bridges
Resistance Measurement
d.c. Bridge Circuit
Voltmeter–Ammeter Method
Resistance–Substitution Method
Use of Digital Voltmeter to Measure Resistance
Ohmmeter
Inductance Measurement
Capacitance Measurement
Current Measurement
Frequency Measurement
Digital Counter/Timer
Phase-Locked Loop
Oscilloscope
Wien Bridge
Phase Measurement
Electronic Counter/Timer
X–Y Plotter
Oscilloscope
Phase-Sensitive DetectorProblemsMeasurement Signal TransmissionElectrical Transmission
Transmission as Varying Voltages
Current Loop Transmission
Transmission Using an a.c. Carrier
Pneumatic Transmission
Fiber-Optic Transmission
Principles of Fiber Optics
Transmission Characteristics
Multiplexing Schemes
Optical Wireless Telemetry
Radiotelemetry (Radio Wireless Transmission)
Digital Transmission ProtocolsProblemsIntelligent DevicesPrinciples of Digital Computation
Elements of a Computer
Computer Operation
Computer Input–Output Interface
Practical Considerations in Adding Computers to Measurement Systems
Intelligent Devices
Intelligent Instruments
Smart Sensors
Smart Transmitters
Communication with Intelligent Devices
Input–Output Interface
Parallel Data Bus
Local Area Networks
Digital FieldbusesProblemsMeasurement Reliability and Safety SystemsReliability
Principles of Reliability
Laws of Reliability in Complex Systems
Improving Measurement System Reliability
Software Reliability
Safety Systems
Introduction to Safety Systems
Design of a Safety SystemProblemsSensor TechnologiesCapacitive Sensors
Resistive Sensors
Magnetic Sensors
Hall-Effect Sensors
Piezoelectric Transducers
Strain Gauges
Piezoresistive Sensors
Optical Sensors
Optical Sensors (Air Path)
Optical Sensors (Fiber Optic)
Ultrasonic Transducers
Transmission Speed
Directionality of Ultrasound Waves
Relationship Between Wavelength, Frequency, and Directionality of Ultrasound Waves
Attenuation of Ultrasound Waves
Ultrasound as a Range Sensor
Effect of Noise in Ultrasonic Measurement Systems
Exploiting Doppler Shift in Ultrasound Transmission
Nuclear Sensors
MicrosensorsProblemsTemperature MeasurementThermoelectric Effect Sensors (Thermocouples)
Thermocouple Tables
Nonzero Reference Junction Temperature
Thermocouple Types
Thermocouple Protection
Thermocouple Manufacture
Thermopile
Digital Thermometer
Continuous Thermocouple
Varying Resistance Devices
Resistance Thermometers (Resistance Temperature Devices)
Thermistors
Semiconductor Devices
Radiation Thermometers
Optical Pyrometer
Radiation Pyrometers
Thermography (Thermal Imaging)
Thermal Expansion Methods
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Bimetallic Thermometer
Pressure Thermometers
Quartz Thermometers
Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors
Color Indicators
Change of State of Materials
Intelligent Temperature-Measuring Instruments
Choice between Temperature Transducers
Calibration of Temperature Transducers
Reference Instruments and Special Calibration Equipment
Calculating Frequency of Calibration Checks
Procedures for CalibrationProblemsPressure MeasurementDiaphragms
Capacitive Pressure Sensor
Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensors
Bellows
Bourdon Tube
Manometers
U-Tube Manometer
Well-Type Manometer (Cistern Manometer)
Inclined Manometer (Draft Gauge)
Resonant Wire Devices
Electronic Pressure Gauges
Special Measurement Devices for Low Pressures
Thermocouple Gauge
Thermistor Gauge
Pirani Gauge
McLeod Gauge
Ionization Gauge
High-Pressure Measurement (Greater than 7000 bar)
Intelligent Pressure Transducers
Differential Pressure-Measuring Devices
Selection of Pressure Sensors
Calibration of Pressure Sensors
Reference Calibration Instruments
Calculating Frequency of Calibration Checks
Procedures for CalibrationProblemsFlow MeasurementMass Flow Rate
Conveyor-Based Methods
Coriolis Flowmeter
Thermal Mass Flow Measurement
Joint Measurement of Volume Flow Rate and Fluid Density
olume Flow Rate
Differential Pressure (Obstruction-Type) Meters
Variable Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
Turbine Meters
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Other Types of Flowmeters for Measuring Volume Flow Rate
Open Channel Flowmeters
Intelligent Flowmeters
Choice between Flowmeters for Particular Applications
Calibration of Flowmeters
Calibration Equipment and Procedures for Mass Flow-Measuring Instruments
Calibration Equipment and Procedures for Instruments Measuring Volume Flow Rate of Liquids
Calibration Equipment and Procedures for Instruments Measuring Volume Flow Rate of Gases
Reference StandardsProblemsLevel MeasurementDipsticks
Float Systems
Pressure-Measuring Devices (Hydrostatic Systems)
Capacitive Devices
Ultrasonic Level Gauge
Radar (Microwave) Sensors
Nucleonic (or Radiometric) Sensors
Other Techniques
Vibrating Level Sensor
Laser Methods
Intelligent Level-Measuring Instruments
Choice between Different Level Sensors
Calibration of Level SensorsProblemsMass, Force, and Torque MeasurementMass (Weight) Measurement
Electronic Load Cell (Electronic Balance)
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Load Cells
Intelligent Load Cells
Mass Balance (Weighing) Instruments
Spring Balance
Force Measurement
Use of Accelerometers
Vibrating Wire Sensor
Use of Load Cells
Torque Measurement
Measurement of Induced Strain
Optical Torque Measurement
Reaction Forces in Shaft Bearings
Prony Brake
Calibration of Mass, Force, and Torque Measuring Sensors
Mass Calibration
Force Sensor Calibration
Calibration of Torque Measuring SystemsProblemsTranslational Motion, Vibration, and Shock MeasurementDisplacement
Resistive Potentiometer
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
Variable Capacitance Transducers
Variable Inductance Transducers
Strain Gauges
Piezoelectric Transducers
Nozzle Flapper
Other Methods of Measuring Small/Medium-Sized Displacements
Measurement of Large Displacements (Range Sensors)
Proximity Sensors
Choosing Translational Measurement Transducers
Calibration of Translational Displacement Measurement Transducers
Velocity
Differentiation of Displacement Measurements
Integration of Output of an Accelerometer
Conversion to Rotational Velocity
Calibration of Velocity Measurement Systems
Acceleration
Selection of Accelerometers
Calibration of Accelerometers
Vibration
Nature of Vibration
Vibration Measurement
Calibration of Vibration Sensors
Shock
Calibration of Shock SensorsProblemsRotational Motion TransducersRotational Displacement
Circular and Helical Potentiometers
Rotational Differential Transformer
Incremental Shaft Encoders
Coded Disc Shaft Encoders
The Resolver
The Synchro
The Induction Potentiometer
The Rotary Inductosyn
Gyroscopes
Choice between Rotational Displacement Transducers
Calibration of Rotational Displacement Transducers
Rotational Velocity
Digital Tachometers
Stroboscopic Methods
Analogue Tachometers
The Rate Gyroscope
Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
Differentiation of Angular Displacement Measurements
Integration of Output from an Accelerometer
Choice between Rotational Velocity Transducers
Calibration of Rotational Velocity Transducers
Rotational Acceleration
Calibration of Rotational AccelerometersProblemsAppendix: Imperial-Metric-SI Coversion Tables
Appendix: Thevenin’s Theorem
Appendix: Thermocouple Tables